Objective To describe the medical services, quality and safety of rehabilitation medicine departments in general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals in 2020 from the aspects of structure, link and outcome quality.

Methods Through the National Clinical Improvement System of the National Health Commission, all secondary and above general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals were investigated in 2021, the relevant data from 9 138 hospitals, including traditional Chinese Medicine hospitals and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine hospitals in 2020. A total of 2 676 sampling hospitals were equipped with rehabilitation medicine wards. After cleaning, a total of 2 268 samples of hospitals were included for analysis. Then, the setting of wards of rehabilitation medicine departments in 6 336 hospitals that participated in the questionnaire of rehabilitation medicine departments from 2017 to 2020 was analyzed.

Results Among the 9 138 general hospitals surveyed this year, only 2 676 had rehabilitation wards, and three general hospitals administrated to National Health Commision had not yet set up wards. In general hospitals, the average number of physicians per bed in 57.92% hospitals, the average number of rehabilitation therapists per bed in 80.44% hospitals, and the average number of nurses per bed in 53.92% hospitals did not meet the national requirements, and the average number of rehabilitation medical personnel per bed in rehabilitation medicine departments in different regions was significantly different. The rates of early rehabilitation intervention were 13.20%, 18.90% and 29.25% respectively in the department of orthopedics, department of neurology and department of intensive care in general hospitals. The average activity of daily living improvement rate of discharged patients from rehabilitation department of general hospital was 76.35%, and that of discharged patients from rehabilitation specialized hospital was 64.30%.

Conclusion Professional medical services and quality safety of rehabilitation medicine in China improve steadily, and the degree of homogenization is further strengthened. However, from the perspective of the current prominent problems, in 2020, most general hospitals in China have not configured the wards of rehabilitation medicine, and there are problems such as the total number of rehabilitation medical personnel in the country does not meet the requirements, uneven distribution, insufficient early intervention in rehabilitation, and room for improvement of rehabilitation treatment effect, which need continuous improvement.

Objective To explore the correlation among knee hyperextension angle, lower limb joints kinematics parameters and the activation of main muscles of lower limb in stroke hemiplegic patients with knee hyperextension during walking. Methods From August, 2020 to September, 2021, 24 stroke hemiplegic patients with knee hyperextension and 24 healthy subjects matched with sex, age, height and body mass with knee hyperextension were analyzed with three-dimensional gait analysis system and the wireless surface electromyography acquisition system, to record the range of motion of pelvis, hip, knee and ankle joints in sagittal plane, and the activation of bilateral gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus medialis and gastrocnemius medialis. Results As the maximum of knee hyperextension, range of motion of the joints in sagittal plane and the activation of the muscles were different between the patients and the healthy subjects during the single-support phase of walking (|t| > 3.080, P < 0.01), and the maximum of knee hyperextension correlated with the activation of gluteus maximus in the patients (r = -0.532, P < 0.01), and the range of motion of ankle plantar flexion in both the patients and the healthy subjects (r > 0.686, P < 0.001). Conclusion The correction for knee hyperextension gait in stroke hemiplegic patients may not only need to pay attention to knee joint control, but also need further treatment of ankle control and hip muscle function.

Objective To synthesize the structure, content and psychometric properties of physical activity measurement/reporting tools applied in children and adolescents with disabilities.
Methods Literature on physical activity measurement/reporting tools for children with disabilities were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Web of Science and CNKI, from establishment to June, 2023. The main structure and content characteristics of the tools were analyzed using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY). The psychometric properties of the tools was assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN).
Results Six tools were selected, and nine papers were finally included. Two tools were globalized standard tools, namely Global Matrix 4.0 Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Youth (Global Matrix 4.0) and the Global Matrix of Para Report Card on Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities (Para Report Card), measuring b455 functions of motor tolerance function, b7 neuromusculoskeletal and motor-related functions; d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, d910 community life, d920 recreation and leisure; e310 immediate family, e320 friends, e460 societal attitudes, and e575general social support services, systems and policies, etc. These tools showed a complete structure, high reliability, validity and feasibility, and could be performed in a self-reported manner or completed by the custodian or school teacher. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) might measure d4 mobility, d450 walking, d640 doing housework, d820 school education, d920 recreation and leisure. IPAQ was good in terms of internal consistency, content and construct validity, and cross-cultural validity, with different test-retest reliability and hypothesis testing results reported in different applied studies. Children and Adolescents Physical Activity and Sedentary-Questionnaire (CAPAS-Q) might measure the d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, and d920 recreation and leisure. CAPAS-Q was good in internal consistency, retest reliability, content and construct validity, but hypothesis testing results and cross-cultural validity were unknown. Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) might measure d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, and d920 recreation and leisure. PAQ-C and PAQ-A were strong in internal consistency, retest reliability, content and construct validity, and cross-cultural validity, without hypothesis testing results.
Conclusion In terms of content, Para Report Card is the most comprehensive and extended physical activity measurement/reporting tool for children and adolescents with disabilities. In terms of the psychometric properties of the instruments, the multidimensional, structured physical activity measures show high internal consistency, retest reliability, and content and construct validity, with varying retest reliability and correlational validity with objective measures across studies.

Objective To investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on walking function of stroke patients at recovery stage. Methods From January, 2021 to January, 2022, 60 stroke inpatients at recovery stage from Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were randomly divided into group A (n = 20), group B (n = 20) and group C (n = 20). All the groups accepted conventional rehabilitation therapy and lower limb robot-assisted training, while group B accepted pseudo-rTMS, and group C accepted high-frequency rTMS, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremities (FMA-LE), Timed 'Up and Go' Test (TUGT) and gait analysis before and after treatment. Results The score of FMA-LE, TUGT, pace, stride width, stride, double support phase time, affected side support phase time, affected side swing phase time, healthy side support phase time and healthy side swing phase time improved after treatment in all the groups (|t| > 5.990, P < 0.001), and all the indexes improved the most in group C (F > 3.210, P < 0.05), except double support phase time. Conclusion High-frequency rTMS could facilitate the recovery of lower limb function and walking of stroke patients at recovery stage.

Objective To analyze the typical performance of initiating and responding behaviors of turn-taking in operational games for autistic children with low language function in special education schools and to provide a reference for intervention of turn-taking behaviors in operational games.

Methods From November, 2021 to January, 2022, a total of 23 autistic children with low language function (language ability ≤ three years old) in Shanghai Putuo District Qixing School were selected. Their linguistic ability was evaluated. A behavioral assessment approach was used to evaluate the behavior of initiating and responding behaviors of turn-taking in three operational games. The typical errors in initiating behaviors were summarized as difficult to initiate, untimely initiation, no response and abnormal initiation. The typical errors in responding behaviors of turn-taking in operational games were summarized as difficult to respond, untimely response, no response and abnormal response.

Results There was no significant differences in the performance of initiating behaviors among three types of operational games (χ² = 11.106, P = 0.196), and there were significant differences in the performance of responding behaviors among operational games (χ² = 26.256, P = 0.001). The initiating behaviors were postively correlated with word comprehension (r = 0.420, P < 0.05), word naming (r = 0.510, P < 0.05), and sentence imitation (r= 0.505, P < 0.05). The responding behaviors were postively correlated with word comprehension (r = 0.546, P < 0.01), word naming (r= 0.728, P < 0.01), sentence comprehension (r = 0.668, P < 0.01) and sentence imitation (r = 0.656, P < 0.01).

Conclusion Autistic children with low language function showed different typical behaviors of initiating and responding behaviors of turn-taking in operational games. It is suggested that when designing training programs for turn-taking skills, targeted interventions should be made to address the typical types of errors in response and initiation turns, and individualized intervention programs should be designed to enhance children's communicative efficacy in play game and promote their language development and social participation.

Objective To observe the effect of repetitive facilitative exercise (RFE) on the hand function of stroke patients with hemiplegia during recovery period.
Methods From January to December, 2022, 80 stroke patients with hemiplegia following hand dysfunction during recovery period in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 40) and experimental group (n = 40). Both groups received routine rehabilitation, the control group added functional occupational therapy, and the experimental group added RFE, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function (STEF) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment.
Results One case dropped down in the experimental group. After treatment, all the scores increased in both groups (|t| > 12.698, P < 0.001), and were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.302, P < 0.05).
Conclusion RFE could promote the recovery of hand function and activities of daily living in patients with hemiplegia during stroke recovery period.

Objective To investigate the effects of upper limb robot-assisted training on cognitive function, upper limb motor function and activity of daily living for subacute stroke patients. Methods From September, 2019 to September, 2020, 65 subacute stroke hemiplegic patients with cognitive impairment were randomly divided into control group (n = 32, two cases dropped) and experimental group (n = 33, three cases dropped). Both groups accepted conventional occupational therapy; and then, the control group accepted conventional cognitive training, while the experimental group accepted upper limb robot-assisted training, for four weeks. They were assessed with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment. Results The scores of MoCA, MMSE, FMA-UE and MBI improved after treatment in both groups (t > 22.11, Z > 4.79, P < 0.001), the MoCA total score and some item-scores, MMSE total score and some item-scores, FMA-UE total score and the score of arm, and score of MBI improved more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.06, Z > 3.19, P < 0.05). Conclusion Upper limb robot-assisted training could facilitate to improve the cognitive function, upper limb motor function and activities of daily living in subacute stroke patients.

Objective To systematically review the effects of mind-body exercise on sleep quality, and to sort out the influencing factors of mind-body exercise intervention program. Methods Literatures about the effects of mind-body exercise on sleep were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang data from establishment to June 1, 2022. The author, country, publication time, study object, study method, intervention process, measurement tool and outcome index were extracted from the selected literature. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality. Results A total of 14 English literatures were included, all of which were randomized controlled trails, and the overall research quality was good. Mind-body exercise methods included Taijiquan, Qigong and Baduanjin. Most of the subjects were old and sick people. Physical exercise intervention with a duration of ten to twelve weeks, a single time of 60 minutes and at least two to three times a week could improve sleep quality to the greatest extent. The health status of the participants was an important factor affecting the effect of the intervention. Conclusion Mind-body exercise can improve sleep quality, relieve anxiety and depression, and promote mental health.

Objective To study the conceptual framework and methodological system of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in occupational therapy and its systematic implementation in clinical practice. Methods Based on the ICF theory and the policy documents of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists, the conceptual framework of occupational therapy and the systematic implementation in clinical settings based on the ICF framework were analyzed. Results This study constructed a conceptual framework and approach for occupational therapy based on ICF, and clarified the goals, principles, and implementation methods of integrated occupational therapy interventions in rehabilitation services. The goal of occupational therapy interventions was to improve the individual activity and participation through multidisciplinary and cross-cutting implementation of integrated occupational therapy programs to optimize functioning. Occupational therapy was based on the bio-psycho-social model, adhered to the principles of person-centeredness and functioning orientation, and implemented individualized intervention programs in different context. In clinical practice, it was recommended to follow ICF-based standardized process and systematically use World Health Organization Family International Classifications: functioning and unmet needs analysis using ICHI; functional classification, assessment and coding using ICF; disease classification, diagnosis and coding using ICD; intervention of occupational therapies using ICHI to build a systematic occupational therapy service system. Conclusion An ICF-based occupational therapy concept and methodological system has been built, a comprehensive clinical occupational therapy implementation model has been established, the goal of activity and participation oriented occupational therapy interventions has been clarified, and the systematic, structured, standardized and refined level of occupational therapy has been enhanced.

Objective To systematicly review the researches of gesture action intent recognition based on surface electromyography (sEMG).
Methods Experimental researches on gesture action intention recognition based on sEMG were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science. The literatures were screened, and the classification methods and other related factors were summarized.
Results A total of 735 researches were returned, and 25 researches were finally included. The publication time was mainly from 2012 to 2021. The subjects were healthy people or amputees. The classification model included traditional machine learning models and deep learning models. Other related factors included acquisition, noise interference and sliding window size.
Conclusion Traditional machine learning models based on sEMG signals have been maturely applied, and gesture recognition with deep learning models are of great potential. The individual differences of subjects, the real-time requirements of gesture classification and the stability requirements of sEMG devices still need to be addressed.

Objective To investigate the effect of neuromuscular control training on frozen shoulder. Methods From February to August, 2021, 34 patients with first idiopathic frozen shoulder from the outpatients department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Tongren Hospital were randomly assigned into control group (n = 17) and experimental group (n = 17). Both groups received routine rehabilitation training, and the experimental group received neuromuscular control training in addition, one time a day, five days a week, for six weeks. The shoulder joint function was evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score before and after training. Results After training, all the sub-item scores and total score of JOA improved in both groups (|t| > 14.835, |Z| > 2.070, P < 0.05), and the JOA sub-item scores of pain, ADL, ROM and total score were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.191, t > 2.060, P < 0.05). Conclusion Neuromuscular control training could improve the shoulder function of patients with frozen shoulder more effectively.

Objective To compare the functional connectivity of brain networks in stroke patients with upper limb motor dysfunction during unilateral or bilateral upper limb movement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods From April to June, 2021, 40 stroke patients with upper limb motor dysfunction in Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, finished unilateral (affected) and bilateral upper limb movement. Eight-minute fNIRS data were collected before and after movement, and the functional activities and connectivity of prefrontal cortex (PFC), upper limb and hand functional area (H), primary sensory cortex (S1) were analyzed based on oxygenated hemoglobin. Results Functional activities increased in affected H after unilateral task (t = -3.135, P < 0.05), while the functional connectivity increased between affected H and affected S1, affected H and unaffected S1, and affected S1 and unaffected S1 (|t| > 3.218, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the functional activities and connectivity of all the areas after bilateral upper limb task (|t| < 2.385, P > 0.05). The improvement of affected H was more after unilateral task than after bilateral upper limb task (t = 2.026, P < 0.05). Conclusion Unilateral affected upper limb training is more effective on functional activities and connectivity for corresponding brain regions than bilateral task.

Objective To visually analyze the research hotspots and future development trends in the field of rehabilitation of chronic respiratory diseases domestic and overseas in the last decade.

Methods Literatures about rehabilitation of chronic respiratory disease from 2011 to 2021 were retrieved. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) was used to access the quality of the literatures, and CiteSpace 5.8.R3 was used to analyze the number of publications and keywords.

Results A total of 2 477 English articles and 3 308 Chinese articles were included. The overall volume of literature published in the field of rehabilitation of chronic respiratory diseases domestic and overseas showed a fluctuating increase. A total of 63 English articles met the requirement of medium-high quality with a score of four to nine on the PEDro scale, and the overall average score was 5.44. A total of 78 domestic articles scored five to eight, and the overall average score was 5.21. Domestic research in this field mainly focused on the pulmonary rehabilitation methods for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their effects on patients' quality of life and lung function, the process of development of heart-related diseases complicated by COPD, and the effects of nursing interventions, community rehabilitation and health education for chronic respiratory diseases, and exploration of precise pulmonary rehabilitation assessment, etc. In contrast, foreign countries mainly studied the physical activity and exercise capacity of patients with chronic respiratory diseases, emphasizing the self-management of patients, and focused on the cross-sectional research of other diseases such as combined aortic stenosis, and made "physical activity" and "exercise" as the frontier of research.

Conclusion Overseas pulmonary rehabilitation programmes involve a wide range of chronic respiratory diseases, requiring multidisciplinary teamwork, strengthening patient self-management at home and focusing on changes in physical activity, motor function and quality of life after exercise, while the focus is on pulmonary rehabilitation in hospitalized COPD patients, also including the role of traditional Chinese exercise in China.

Objective To explore the effect of low frequency or high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on right Broca's homologue in stroke patients with nonfluent aphasia.

Methods From January, 2019 to August, 2022, 80 inpatients in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 20), sham stimulation group (n = 20), low-frequency (1 Hz) rTMS (LF-rTMS) group (n = 20) and high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS (HF-rTMS) group (n = 20). All the patients received routine language therapy. LF-rTMS group and HF-rTMS group received ten days of rTMS (1 Hz or 10 Hz), and the sham group received ten days of sham rTMS. The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) was used to evaluate the language function before, after treatment, and two months after treatment.

Results Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the scores of WAB among four groups (P > 0.05). All the scores improved in the four groups immediately after treatment and two months after treatment (P < 0.05). Compared with immediately after treatment, all the scores of WAB improved in LF-rTMS group (P < 0.05), and the scores of recall, name and aphasia quotient (AQ) improved in HF-rTMS group (P < 0.05) two months after treatment. Immediately after treatment, the scores of content and fluency, auditory comprehension and AQ were higher in LF-rTMS group than in HF-rTMS group (P < 0.05). Two months after treatment, the scores of content and fluency were higher in LF-rTMS group than in HF-rTMS group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion Both 1 Hz and 10 Hz rTMS could improve the language function of stroke patients with nonfluent aphasia, especially 1 Hz.

Objective To evaluate the overall demand for rehabilitation services from the perspective of the groups with disabilities, diseases, injuries and older adults, and explore the causes of the supply and demand gap of rehabilitation services. Methods The literatures in the field of rehabilitation were collected, summarized and analyzed, including policy documents issued by World Health Organization and relevant departments in China, surveys, and researches. Results The demand for rehabilitation services caused by disabilities, chronic diseases, injuries and population ageing were vast in China, but many were still unmet. The main reasons leading to the gap included those population trend and health situation, the insufficient reserve of rehabilitation resources coming from incomplete development of rehabilitation service system early, and inadequate construction of disability reporting system, which could not efficiently meet rehabilitation demand with supply. Conclusion The strategies to optimize the rehabilitation services system and promote the quality of the services based on the disability reporting system are warranted.

Diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) is common in postpartum women. DRA seriously affects the physiological and psychological health of patients. Rehabilitation is the main intervention for DRA. It is necessary to clarify the effectiveness of different rehabilitation intervention. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and exercise therapy can effectively optimize DRA in postpartum period, but the best intervention is not clear. Multi-center researches with large sample should be conducted to compare the treatment parameters in the future.

Objective To evaluate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods From May to October, 2021, twelve patients with T2DM were recruited with internet. An HIIT exercise intervention based on WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour and World Health Organization Family of International Classifications (WHO-FICs) was constructed. They received aerobic combined with resistance training in a multi-combination HIIT using whole-body exercise, 30 to 35 minutes a time, three times a week, for eight weeks. Before and after intervention, their blood glucose levels, lipid levels, pancreatic fat content and body composition were measured. Results One cased was dropped. After intervention, the fasting glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, hemoglobin A1c, fasting serum insulin, insulin resistance index, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, pancreatic fat content, body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage improved (t > 2.258, P < 0.05). Conclusion HIIT exercise intervention based on the Guidelines and WHO-FICs could improve the related functions of patients with T2DM, such as blood glucose levels, blood lipid levels, pancreatic fat content and body composition, and reduce the consumption of hypoglycemic drugs.

Objective To explore the pedagogical content knowledge of adaptive physical education teachers using the World Health Organization Rehabilitation Competency Framework (RCF), to construct an adaptive physical education competency system and establish an adaptive physical education and training system and accreditation method for teachers.Methods Using RCF and referring to the U. S. Adapted Physical Education National Standards 3rd version (APENS-3), we examined the pedagogical content knowledge of adaptive physical education for teachers. The structure and content of the key pedagogical knowledge contents of adaptive physical education teachers were systematically studied, and the core professional competencies of adaptive physical education teachers were constructed.Results Based on the RCF and teaching activities, the teaching-related core competencies of the adapted physical education teachers were constructed from the knowledge and skills in the domains of practice (teaching), and learning and development (continuing education) of RCF, and the structure and content of the knowledge of adapted physical education teachers were constructed in the five domains: students, teachers, teaching, curriculum and educational evaluation. This competency framework could be applied in the fields of professional teaching competency identification, continuing education curriculum development and continuing education competency training, and performance evaluation for adaptive physical education teachers.Conclusion In accordance with the RCF and with reference to APENS-3, the structure of pedagogical content knowledge and its core contents for adaptive physical education teachers were systematically explored. These structures and the core contents can be applied in the identification of competencie, the development of continuing education curriculum and competency training, and the assessment of performance for adaptive physical education teachers.

Objective To investigate the effects of visual motion-induced brain-computer interface (BCI) technology on upper limb motor function and cognitive function of patients with stroke.
Methods From July, 2021 to March, 2022, 50 stroke patients with upper limb hand dysfunction in Shaanxi Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 25) and experimental group (n = 25). Both groups received conventional rehabilitation therapy, in addition, the control group received passive rehabilitation training, and the experimental group received visual motion-induced BCI rehabilitation training, for two weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), modified Barthel Index (MBI) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) before and after treatment. Brain participation was evaluated during the whole training process of the experimental group.
Results Before treatment, there was no difference in the scores of FMA-UE, MBI and MoCA between two groups (P > 0.05). Two weeks after treatment, the scores of FMA-UE, MBI and MoCA improved in both groups (t > 2.481, P < 0.001), and were better in the exprimental group than in the control group (t > 2.453, P < 0.05); the mean brain participation of the experimental group increased 21% after treatment.
Conclusion Visual motion-induced BCI rehabilitation training could promote the recovery of motor function of upper limb, and cognitive function of patients with stroke.

Objective To explore the current status, hot spots and development of researches on post-stroke dysphagia in recent five years with visualization analysis.
Methods Researches on post-stroke dysphagia were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection, from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2021, and reviewed with CiteSpace 5.7.R5 software.
Results A total of 857 articles were included. The annual number of articles increased with time, published from 61 countries/regions, by 211 institutions and 247 authors. The United States, Japan and China were the most prolific countries, and the University of Manchester was the leading institution. The top three authors were Dziewas R, Wakabayashi H and Hamdy S. The keywords bursting in recent three years included prediction, severity, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, accuracy and early management; co-word clustering showed that researches might be mainly about neuromuscular electrical stimulation, swallowing screening, stroke-associated pneumonia, evidence-based practice, etc.
Conclusion The researches in the field of post-stroke dysphagia have been increasing.

Objective To observe the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on insomnia, anxiety and depression in patients with post-sroke insomnia (PSI).

Methods From January, 2020 to May, 2021, 44 patients with PSI from Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 22) and experimental group (n = 22). On the basis of conventional treatment, the experimental group accepted tDCS, and the control group accepted sham stimulation for four weeks. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep monitoring system based on cardiopulmonary coupling technology were used to evaluate the sleep quality of the patients before and after treatment. Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) were used to evaluate mood.

Results Two cases dropped out in each group. After treatment, the scores of PSQI, HAMA and HAMD decreased in both groups (t > 8.575, P < 0.001), and the scores of PSQI and HAMA were better in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.811, P < 0.01), however, there was no significant difference in the scores of HAMD between two groups (t = 1.756, P > 0.05). After treatment, the sleep quality index, total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency and wake conversion times improved (|t| > 4.721, P < 0.001), and the rapid eye movement time prolonged in the experimental group (t = -2.851, P = 0.010); the sleep quality index, total sleep time, sleep efficiency and wake conversion times were better in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.190, P < 0.05), however, no significant difference was found in the sleep latency and rapid eye movement time between two groups (|t|< 1.073, P > 0.05).

Conclusion tDCS could improve the sleep quality and anxiety in PSI patients, and has little effect on sleep structure.

Objective To analyze the content and psychological measurement indicators of the commonly used motor function assessment tools for children and adolescents, based on the theory and method of International Classification of Function, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY). Methods Based on the ICF-CY classification framework and coding system, four commonly used functional evaluation tools for children and adolescents were selected, and their motor function measurement methods and psychological measurement indicators were analyzed by applying ICF coding rules and matching principles. Results Finally, nine English articles and two Chinese articles were included, from four countries including South Korea, Spain, China and Brazil. They were mainly published in the journals of clinical medicine, neuroscience, public health, rehabilitation science and other fields from 2011 to 2021. The age of the subjects was 0 to 16 years old involving 987 subjects; the health condition included spastic cerebral palsy, neurodevelopmental disorder, etc. Among the eleven articles included, six articles used Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), two articles used Fine Motor Function Measure Scale (FMFM), two articles used Peabody Developmental Motor Scales Second Edition (PDMS-2), and two articles used Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Functional Skills Scale (PEDI-FSS), and three articles used Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). The measurement methods were objective evaluation, subjective evaluation, and subjective observation, etc. The number of measurements was two to six. The measurement indicators of motor function mainly involved two levels. The first was the physical activity level, including gross movement, fine movement and motor control ability. The second was the functional level of activities, mainly including activities of daily living and functional independence. Conclusion Based on ICF-CY, the evaluation of children's motor function and activity and participation was mainly divided into two levels. At the body function level, the main evaluation indicators included b730, b760, b770, etc. At the level of activities and participation, the main evaluation indicators were d410, d440, d445, etc. GMFM-88 focuses on the evaluation of children's body movement and activity functions, such as sitting, standing, lying, walking and running, mainly involving b760, d410, d455, etc. FMFM focused on autonomous movement, motor motivation and motor coordination, and was mainly used to assess the functional status of upper limbs of children with cerebral palsy aged 0 to 3 years, mainly involving b760, d155, d440, etc. PDMS-2 payed more attention to evaluating the overall motor development level and motor function status of children and adolescents, mainly involving b750, b760, d415, etc. PEDI-FSS move partition focused on children's actual motor function performance in activities of daily living, and evaluated the application and practicability of children's motor function in activities of daily living, mainly involving b760, d410, d450, etc. In terms of measurement methods, the measurement of motor function mainly included objective evaluation and subjective evaluation; the measurement of activity function mainly included objective evaluation and subjective observation. These assessment tools have established norms varies with different age groups according to the movement development. Evaluators need accept professional training before using the above assessment tools to improve the reliability, validity and adaptability of the assessment.

Objective To study the effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) combined with mirror therapy (MT) on upper limb function for stroke patients.

Methods From July, 2018 to June, 2019, 54 stroke patients from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, were randomly divided into groups A, B and C, with 18 cases in each group. All the patients received routine medication and rehabilitation training, while group A accepted 60 minutes of MT, group B accepted 20 minuts of atDCS first and then 40 minuts of MT, and group C accepted 40 minutes of MT first and then 20 minuts of atDCS in addittion; for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment.

Results The main effect of time was significant in scores of FMA-UE (F = 159.811, P < 0.001), ARAT (F = 353.227, P < 0.001), MAS (F = 513.494, P < 0.001) and MBI (F = 85.982, P < 0.001), and all of them improved after treatment. The main effect of groups was significant in scores of FMA-UE (F = 12.502, P < 0.001), ARAT (F = 20.095, P < 0.001), MAS (F = 16.371, P < 0.001) and MBI (F = 11.882, P < 0.001). The interacted-effect between time and groups was significant in scores of FMA-UE (F = 37.659, P < 0.001), ARAT (F = 78.681, P < 0.001), MAS (F = 97.997, P < 0.001) and MBI (F = 48.015, P < 0.001); while all the scores were the best in group B (P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference between groups A and C (P > 0.05).

Conclusion The combination of atDCS first and then MT can promote the recovery of motor function of the affected limbs for stroke patients.

Objective To observe the effects of specific exercise therapy on spinal deformity and joint hypermobility of idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods From April to October, 2021, 100 children with idiopathic scoliosis in the Scoliosis Rehabilitation Center of Xinhua Hospital were divided into control group (n = 50) and experimental group (n = 50), who accepted routine exercise therapy or scoliosis-specific exercise therapy in accordance with their wishes, for six months. The maximum Cobb angle and bone mineral density were measured, and they were assessed with Beighton Scale and Chinese version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 Questionnaire Scores (SRS-22) before and after treatment.

Results The change of the maximum Cobb angle was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.202, P < 0.05) after treatment, and the incidence of respondent was more (χ² = -2.405, P < 0.05). The bone mineral density decreased in the experimental group after treatment (|Z| > 2.127, P < 0.05). For SRS-22, the total scores increased in both groups after treatment (F_time = 106.57, P < 0.001), and increased more in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 4.969, P < 0.05); the scores of function domain and self-image domain increased in the experimental group (|Z| > 2.149, P < 0.05), while the mental health domain score decreased in the control group (Z = -2.096, P < 0.05); and the mental health domain score was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.260, P < 0.05).

Conclusion The scoliosis-specific exercise therapy is effective on spinal deformity and quality of life for children with idiopathic scoliosis, but less helpful for joint hypermobility and bone mineral density, which need to further improve.

Objective To analyze the effect of physical activity on executive function of children and adolescents, and sort out the related factors.

Methods Articles about physical activity intervention for children and adolescents on executive function were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library and PubMed, from January 1st, 2010 to June 30th, 2021. The articles were screened, evaluated and systematically reviewed.

Results A total of 21 articles were included, from eleven countries, including 13 randomized controlled trials, involving 2 496 subjects, aged five to 18 years. The articles were published from 2010 to 2019, with mean score of Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale as 5.57. The physical activity intervention mainly involved physical fitness, skills and sport games, with low to high intensity, eight to 120 minutes a time, one to five times a week, no more than ten months. Physical activity was indicated to improve the executive function, specifically inhibition control, working memory and cognitive flexibility, such as the improvement of the accuracy and reaction time of cognitive tasks, and activation of bilateral prefrontal cortex activity. Types, intensity, duration, frequency and cycle of physical activity, participant selection, and assessment tools were related to the effect of intervention.

Conclusion Physical activity can improve the inhibition control, working memory and cognitive flexibility of children and adolescents. The main factors related to the intervention effect are the physical activity elements, the participant's factors and the experimental design factors.

Objective To observe the effect of music therapy on cognitive function, motor function, and activities of daily living (ADL) of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment.
Methods From December, 2020 to July, 2022, 48 patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were enrolled and randomly divided into control group (n = 24) and experimental group (n = 24). Both groups received conventional medication, nursing, and conventional rehabilitation, while the experimental group received music therapy additionally, for eight weeks. Before and after intervention, the cognitive function was assessed by Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), and motor function and ADL were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and modified Barthel Index (MBI), respectively.
Results Six cases in the control group dropped down. The increase in the scores of LOTCA and FMA was more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.665, P < 0.05), however, no significant difference was found in the increase of MBI score between two groups.
Conclusion Music therapy could improve the cognitive function and motor function of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment.

Objective To explore the effects of different intensity of wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training on walking function, lower limb motor function, balance function and functional independence of stroke patients.

Methods From November, 2021 to December, 2022, 60 stroke patients hospitalized in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 20), observation group 1 (n = 20) and observation group 2 (n = 20). All the groups received routine rehabilitation, while the control group received routine walking training 30 minutes a day, the observation group 1 received wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training 30 minutes a day, and the observation group 2 received wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training 60 minutes a day, for four weeks. They were assessed with Functional Ambulation Category scale (FAC), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremities (FMA-LE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) before and after treatment.

Results One case in the observation group 1 and three cases in the observation group 2 dropped down. The FAC, FMA-LE, BBS and RMI scores improved in all the three groups after treatment (|Z| > 3.448, |t| > 8.102, P < 0.001), and there was no significant difference in all the indexes among the three groups (|H| < 4.643, F = 1.454, P > 0.05); however, the improvement of BBS score was more in the observation group 1 than in the control group (P < 0.05), and the improvement of all the indexes was more in the observation group 2 than in the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion The wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training may promote the recovery of walking function, lower limb motor function, balance function and functional independence of stroke patients, and high-intensity training seems to be more effective.

Objective To investigate the effect of multimodal mirror therapy on upper limb and hand function in stroke patients.

Methods From April, 2021 to August, 2022, 60 stroke patients from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital were randomly divided into group A (n = 20), group B (n = 20) and group C (n = 20). All the patients accepted routine rehabilitation, while group B accepted mirror therapy, and group C accepted multimodal mirror therapy, in addition, for six weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Upper Extremity Function Test (UEFT) and modified Barthel Index (MBI), while the maximum grip strength and pinch strength of the affected hand were measured.

Results The FMA-UE score, UEFT score, maximum hand grip strength and pinch strength, and MBI scores improved in all groups after treatment (|t| > 7.878, P < 0.001), and it was the most in group C (F> 12.563, P< 0.001).

Conclusion Multimodal mirror therapy may further improve the upper limb motor function and hand function of stroke patients, as well as the strength of the affected hand and the activities of daily living.