To evaluate the efficacy of exercise on preventing falls in the elderly.

Literatures of randomized controlled trials about exercises for prevention of falls in the elderly were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library and CNKI from 1980 to July, 2020. The qualities were evaluated with Review Manager 5.3, and the data were analyzed with R-Studio and Addis 1.16.6.

A total of 172 randomized controlled trials were finally included, with nine kinds of exercise intervention. The cognition and movement multitask training was the most effective to decrease fall rate (OR = 0.26, 95%CI 0.14 to 0.49, P < 0.05). The combined physical and whole body vibration training was the most effective to improve the score of Berg Balance Scale (d = 6.3, 95%CI 3.5 to 9.2, P < 0.05) and the time of Timed 'Up & Go' Test (d = -4.5, 95%CI -6.8 to -2.1, P < 0.05). The blood flow restriction training was the most effective to increase the lower limb muscle strength (d = 12, 95%CI 7.4 to 16, P < 0.05).

The cognition and movement multitask training is the first recommended exercise to prevent falls in the elderly, followed by Taiji Quan and multimodal training. Gait practice or resistance training are the least effective. A variety of new intervention methods (blood flow restriction training, combined physical and whole body vibration training, Wit Fit training, etc.) may improve the physical function of the elderly, and need further researches.

Objective To describe the medical services, quality and safety of rehabilitation medicine departments in general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals in 2020 from the aspects of structure, link and outcome quality.

Methods Through the National Clinical Improvement System of the National Health Commission, all secondary and above general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals were investigated in 2021, the relevant data from 9 138 hospitals, including traditional Chinese Medicine hospitals and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine hospitals in 2020. A total of 2 676 sampling hospitals were equipped with rehabilitation medicine wards. After cleaning, a total of 2 268 samples of hospitals were included for analysis. Then, the setting of wards of rehabilitation medicine departments in 6 336 hospitals that participated in the questionnaire of rehabilitation medicine departments from 2017 to 2020 was analyzed.

Results Among the 9 138 general hospitals surveyed this year, only 2 676 had rehabilitation wards, and three general hospitals administrated to National Health Commision had not yet set up wards. In general hospitals, the average number of physicians per bed in 57.92% hospitals, the average number of rehabilitation therapists per bed in 80.44% hospitals, and the average number of nurses per bed in 53.92% hospitals did not meet the national requirements, and the average number of rehabilitation medical personnel per bed in rehabilitation medicine departments in different regions was significantly different. The rates of early rehabilitation intervention were 13.20%, 18.90% and 29.25% respectively in the department of orthopedics, department of neurology and department of intensive care in general hospitals. The average activity of daily living improvement rate of discharged patients from rehabilitation department of general hospital was 76.35%, and that of discharged patients from rehabilitation specialized hospital was 64.30%.

Conclusion Professional medical services and quality safety of rehabilitation medicine in China improve steadily, and the degree of homogenization is further strengthened. However, from the perspective of the current prominent problems, in 2020, most general hospitals in China have not configured the wards of rehabilitation medicine, and there are problems such as the total number of rehabilitation medical personnel in the country does not meet the requirements, uneven distribution, insufficient early intervention in rehabilitation, and room for improvement of rehabilitation treatment effect, which need continuous improvement.

To summarize the methods and results of human motion intention recognition based on the surface electromyography.

Literatures were retrieved and reviewed from the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP until December, 2020. The experimental researches about human motion intention recognition based on surface electromyography were summarized.

The methods of motion intention recognition were divided into three models: musculoskeletal model, traditional machine learning model and deep learning model.

It is difficult to fully estimate human motion intention using surface electromyography in a single way. More researches are needed to develop more accurate and real-time human motion intention recognition methods.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of Mirabegron combined with Silodosin on detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractile (DHIC).Methods From September, 2019 to December, 2021, 40 patients with DHIC in the Department of Urology of Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were selected and randomly divided into control group and experimental group, with 20 cases in each group. The control group took Silodosin only, and the experimental group took Mirabegron in addition, for four weeks. The urinary diary, residual urine volume, Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and quality of life (QOL) score were compared before and after treatment.Results A total of 18 patients in the control group and 19 in the experimental group finished the trial. After treatment, the number of night urination per day, the residual urine volume and QOL score improved in the control group (P<0.01); the number of urination per 24 hours, the number of night urination per day, the volume per urination, the residual urine volume, the daily urgency score, the OABSS score and QOL score improved in the experimental group (P<0.01). The number decrease of urination per 24 hours, the volume decrease of per urination, the daily urgency score decrease, the OABSS score decrease and QOL score decrease were more in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.01). The adverse reactions included palpitations, increased heart rate, dyspareunia, increased blood pressure, gastric discomfort, postural hypotension, and retrograde ejaculation, and there was no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion The efficacy of Mirabellone combined with Silodosin on DHIC is better than Silodosin only, and there was no significant increase in drug-related adverse effects.

Objective To review the pathogeny, clinical assessment and classification, and rehabilitation management of scapular dyskinesis.Methods The literatures in recent ten years were reviewed and summarized. Results and Conclusion The clinical assessment and classification of scapular dyskinesis had been summarized. Scapular dyskinesis is mainly secondary to rotator cuff injury, subacromial impingement syndrome, glenohumeral instability, injury of acromioclavicular joint, throwing shoulder and adhesive capsulitis, etc. Scapular exercise may be a supplement to routine rehabilitation management.

To observe the effect of Kinesio taping on lower limb motor function in patients with hemiplegia at different stages of stroke.

From August, 2015 to August, 2017, 60 patients at stages of Brunnstrom III (n = 30) and Brunnstrom IV (n = 30) were randomly divided into control group (n = 15) and treatment group (n = 15). All the patients received comprehensive rehabilitation training, while the treatment group taped Kinesio taping in the lower extremities, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremity (FMA-LE), Time 'Up & Go' Test (TUGT) and gait analysis before and after treatment.

The results of all the measurements improved after treatment in all the groups (P < 0.001). For the patients at Brunnstrom IV, FMA-LE score and walking speed improved more in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment (P < 0.01); for those at Brunnstrom III, FMA-LE score, walking speed, TUGT time, hip extension angle and gait symmetry improved more in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment (P < 0.05).

Kinesio taping is effective on the lower limb motor function for patients with hemiplegia after stroke, especially for patients at Brunnstrom III.

Objective To systematically review the effectiveness of pediatric wheelchairs on the function of children with disabilities.Methods Literatures about clinical application of pediatric wheelchairs were researched from the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, EBSCO (CINAHL), CNKI, Wanfang Database and VIP Database, till February, 2021. The clinical application effectiveness of pediatric wheelchairs was extracted and analyzed by inductive approach.Results A total of ten case studies, one randomized controlled study and one cohort study were included, and quality assessment showed low quality. There were different types of pediatric wheelchairs for all ages over twelve months and different disease types of children, mostly for cerebral palsy. The review showed that pediatric wheelchairs mainly improved the motor function of disabled children, promoted the development of cognitive functions, and improved activities and participation abilities. The wheelchairs could be individually adapted to manual wheelchairs, electric wheelchairs and smart wheelchairs, according to the individual conditions of the children, with additional postural support devices for adaptive transformation.Conclusion Pediatric wheelchairs can be used to improve the function and quality of life of children with disabilities. Although functional rehabilitation effects of pediatric wheelchairs have shown a promising trend, most of the current studies are case reports, and there is a lack of high-quality clinical control studies, and the unified adaptation standard has not been established yet.

Objective To discuss the paradigm and contents of rehabilitation psychology using bio-psycho-social model of functioning, disability and health of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods In perspectives of rehabilitation sciences and psychological sciences, paradigm and contents of modern rehabilitation psychology with the functioning framework of ICF were constructed in accordance with the development of modern rehabilitation science. Results A holistic rehabilitation model was constructed based on ICF, involving the body, mind and environment. Based on the functional model of ICF, the main contents of modern rehabilitation psychology were not only related to the function and structure of the body, but also related to the activities and participation, and emphasized the interaction with environment. The modern rehabilitation psychology would not only research about the physical dysfunction, but also the intervention of activity and environment. Based on ICF, common terminology and coding methods might be used to enable rehabilitation psychologists to communicate with relevant professionals in the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary field of rehabilitation. Conclusion Constructing the theoretical framework and research paradigm of modern rehabilitation psychology based on ICF can form the system of rehabilitation psychology integrated with psychological science and rehabilitation science.

Objective To systematically analyze the World Health Organization Rehabilitation Competency Framework (RCF) theoretical framework, methodology and its application in the field of rehabilitation.Methods We systematically analyzed RCF conceptual framework and key characteristics, and discussed how to apply the RCF in the fields of human resource planning, education program and curriculum system, and vocational competency standards and certification criteria for rehabilitation human resources.Results The RCF encompasses five domains, naming practice, professionalism, learning and development, management and leadership, and research. Rehabilitation professionals' performance is the result of the interaction of their core values and beliefs, competencies, activities, knowledge, and skills. The RCF can be used to plan rehabilitation human resources, establish competency-based rehabilitation education programs and curriculum systems, and develop competency certification standards and licensure accreditation standards.Conclusion This study analyzed background, content and implementation framework of RCF, and systematically discussed the theories and methods related to how to use the RCF to construct national rehabilitation human resources development plans, develop rehabilitation education programs and curriculum systems based on the RCF, and establish certification and assessment standards for rehabilitation human resources.

Objective To investigate the balance in young adult with scoliosis.Methods From June to December, 2020, 30 college students with scoliosis in the outpatient department of Rehabilitation Department of Kunming Medical University Hospital were as the patients, and 30 normal peers were as the controls. They were measured with Pro-Kin balance test system to assess the static stability of both feet standing with eyes opened and closed, and the static and dynamic limit of stability (LOS) of both feet standing.Results The moving distance of center of pressure (COP) on the Y-axis was longer in the patients than in the controls with both eye-opened and eye-closed (t > 2.022, P < 0.05). The static and dynamic LOS was less in the patients than in the controls (t > 3.365, P < 0.01). For static LOS, it was less in all the directions except left-forward and backward (t > 2.410, P < 0.05); for dynamic LOS, it was less in the directions of forward, right, left and left-forward (t > 2.446, P < 0.05).Conclusion Both static and dynamic balance is deficient for yong adults with scoliosis, which may result in risk of fall.

Flexible variable stiffness actuator is divided into four categories including elastic element, pneumatic element, electric-magnetic element and intelligent material. It is gradually applied in rehabilitation robot. It could adapt the change of patient's impedance in the upper and lower limb rehabilitation robots, ensure the safety of the wearer in the exoskeleton, and improve the biomimetics in the prosthesis. Variable stiffness driving mechanism for rehabilitation robot still has some disadvantages. It is proposed to have compact structure, low power consumption, good stiffness characteristics, high response rate and progressive output torque curve, etc.

Objective To review the development of rehabilitation in China, summarize the development experience, and study the laws, regulations, policies, and plans for the development of rehabilitation and service. Methods We used literature and policy research methods to review the development of rehabilitation in China, summarize development experiences, and conduct systematic content analysis of relevant laws, regulations, policies and plans. Results The year 2021 marks the centennial of the founding of the Communist Party of China. This paper reviews the historical development and valuable experiences of China's rehabilitation undertakings, analyzes the background, main contents and significance of the laws and regulations related to China's rehabilitation undertakings, and focuses on the rehabilitation policies related to the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline and the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Rehabilitation Medical Work. Conclusion The development of rehabilitation in China is an important part of the health service system. Based on the perspective of health services, the development of rehabilitation in China has improved the leadership and governance capacity of rehabilitation, established a funding mechanism for rehabilitation development, trained a large number of rehabilitation professionals and technicians, established a rehabilitation medical service system covering all three levels of medical services, and incorporated assistive technologies into the modern rehabilitation service system. A corresponding health information system has been established. The rehabilitation work has played an important role in achieving the goals of the "Health China 2030" program.

Objective To investigate the related factors of fall among community-dwelling and hospitalized elderly.Methods From May to September, 2021, 50 elderly from Tianshenggang Community Health Service Center of Medical Union of Nantong University Affiliated Hospital and 50 elderly in the first ward of Geriatrics Department of Nantong University Affiliated Hospital were selected by random systematic sampling method. Face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted respectively. All the participants underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment and blood, neuromusculoskeletal B-ultrasound tests. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the status and related factors of falls among community and hospitalized elderly with a history of falls within one year.Results There were significant differences in fall history, the score of Morse Fall Scale (MFS) and hospitalization due to fall history between the hospitalized elderly and the community-dwelling elderly (χ² > 6.250, Z=-3.132, P<0.05). In addition to fall related factors, age, ability of self-care, the score of International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICI-Q-SF), frailty index (FI), the score of Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) part 2, the score of Short Form of Health Survey (SF-36), the score of Memorial University of Newfoudland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH), waist-to-hip ratio, arm and leg circumferences, red blood cell count, hemoglobin and triglyceride were the related factors of fall in hospitalized elderly (|Z| > 0.462, χ²=7.447, P<0.05). The scores of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-15, MFS, FI and SF-36, and grip strength were the related factors of fall in community-dwelling elderly (|Z| > 1.758, χ²=6.640, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for falls in hospitalized elderly within one year were age, the score of MFS, FI, arm and leg circumferences, the score of SF-36, hemoglobin and triglyceride. The related factors of falls in community-dwelling elderly included the scores of GDS-15, MFS, FI SF-36 and MUNSH, and grip strength (P<0.05). The scores of SF-36 and MUNSH decreased after fall for elderly in both community and hospital (t=-3.108, Z > 2.567, P<0.05).Conclusion The incidence of falls and hospitalization due to falls, and the risk of falls are higher among the hospitalized elderly than that in community, and the related factors are different. Therefore, it is needed to carry out targeted intervention for the corresponding factors to reduce the occurrence of fall.

Objective To establish the framework of physical activity and rehabilitation for the elderly, and systematically review the health and rehabilitation effects of physical activity for the elderly, based on the relevant important documents of World Health Organization (WHO).Methods The literatures about physical activities and health, quality of life for the older adults were retrieved with subject retrieval method, from the database of CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science, EBSCO, Google Scholar until June 30, 2021. This paper reviewed the rehabilitation effects of physical activities on health, quality of life and well-being of older adults through extracting the literature content.Results There were five typical physical activities: aerobic activity, muscle and bone development activities, improving balance activities and comprehensive activities. The effect of the elderly participating in physical activities on health and rehabilitation was mainly reflected in the improvement of physical and mental health, social adaptation and activity behavior and nutrition. Health and rehabilitation impacts were mainly reflected in increased healthy life expectancy, improved quality of life and well-being. In terms of improving physical health, it can promote physical fitness, chronic diseases and physical function for the aging people. In terms of improving mental health, cognitive function, mood, personality traits and sleep can be promoted. The elderly participating in physical activities was mainly influenced by both personal and environmental factors.Conclusion Participation in all physical activity by older adults provides health benefits, promoting healthy ageing, improving physical and mental health, facilitating social adjustment and activity behaviors and nutrition and then increasing healthy lifespan, quality of life and well-being. Physical activity is a health-related service, so scientific and reasonable physical activity of the elderly should be enhanced. It is necessary to combine physical activity with rehabilitation services to promote the health, function, well-being and quality of life of the elderly.

Objective To explore the application and method of World Health Organization Rehabilitation Competency Framework (RCF) in rehabilitation human resource management, and provide theoretical and practical reference for rehabilitation human resource management.Methods Based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations issued by the International Labour Organization, the application scope of RCF was systematically analyzed. The theoretical framework of rehabilitation human resource management based on RCF was constructed in combination with competency-based human resource management framework. On this basis, taking rehabilitation nurses as an example, the corresponding management methods and paths are proposed from four aspects of human resource management, including career management, recruitment and selection, training and development, and performance appraisal and salary management.Results Based on RCF, the theoretical framework of human resource management for rehabilitation nursing positions was constructed, and the main contents and processes of human resource management based on RCF were clarified from four aspects: recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and salary management, and career management. Occupational competency of rehabilitation professionals in International Standard Classification of Occupations was analyzed by RCF.Conclusion The rehabilitation competency framework constructed by WHO can be used to supplement the responsibilities of rehabilitation-related professionals in the International Standard Classification of Occupations issued by the International Labour Organization. RCF serves as a tool for practice managers and rehabilitation professionals in identifying selection criteria, learning objectives, and professional title assessment criteria. It can also be used in recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal, salary management and career management in the field of rehabilitation human resource management.

To investigate the changes of the functional connectivity of hypothalamus and the whole brain anisotropy in patients with dysphagia after stroke using magnetic resonance imaging.

From December, 2018 to December, 2019, 14 patients with dysphagia after stroke and 15 healthy controls matched in age, sex and dominant hemisphere were selected. The functional connections from bilateral hypothalamus were researched with resting-state functional nuclear magnetic resonance, and the correlation between functional connection and scores of Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) was analyzed. Meanwhile, the whole brain white matter integrity was observed with diffusion tensor imaging, and the fraction anisotropy (FA) was compared.

Compared with the controls, the functional connections from left hypothalamus to left precentral gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, left marginal lobe, left parietal lobe and left occipital lobe decreased in the patients; while the functional connections to left thalamus, left midbrain and right occipital lobe increased; the functional connections from right hypothalamus to right precentral gyrus, bilateral marginal lobe, bilateral superior temporal gyrus and right parietal lobe decreased; the functional connection to bilateral parietal lobe and bilateral occipital lobe increased. There was negative correlation of EAT-10 scores to functional connection from left hypothalamus to left precentral gyrus (r = -0.595, P = 0.025) and left postcentral gyrus (r = -0.934, P < 0.001), and positive correlation to functional connections from left hypothalamus to left parietal lobe (r = 0.583, P = 0.028) and from right hypothalamus to left occipital lobe (r = 0.630, P = 0.016). Compared with the controls, FA decreased in bilateral precentral gyrus, bilateral postcentral gyrus, bilateral frontal lobe, bilateral parietal lobe, bilateral occipital lobe, bilateral caudate nucleus, bilateral thalamus, right medulla, right superior temporal gyrus, right pontine and left posterior cerebellar lobe in the patients; while FA increased in bilateral anterior lobe of cerebellum and right cingulate gyrus.

The motor and sensory cortices are important for swallowing. Patients with dysphagia after stroke may spend more attention and visual compensation. Impairment of white matter is found in swallowing cortex, subcortical structure and brainstem swallowing center in patients with dysphagia after stroke.

Spasticity is a common complication in stroke patients, which may be a result of supraspinal influences, spinal reflexs and biomechanical changes.

Objective To explore the effect of intensive hip adductor isometric strength training on the balance ability of functional ankle joint instability. Methods From November, 2019 to January, 2020, 18 college students with functional ankle instability were recruited from a university in Shenzhen and randomly divided into control group (n = 9) and experimental group (n = 9). Both groups received ankle stability training, and the experimental group received isometric muscle strength training of hip adductor in addition, one hour a time, three times a week, for four weeks. The Cumberland Ankle Instability Assessment Questionnaire (CAIT), Y Balance Test (YBT), Balance-check balance equipment and Back-check hip adductor maximum isometric strength test were performed before and after training. Results After training, the scores of CAIT, YBT and balance-check increased in both groups (t > 2.540, P < 0.05); the strength of adductor hip muscle significantly increased in the experimental group (t = 8.485, P < 0.001). The d-value of CAIT score, YBT distance, the score of Balance-check, and the strength of adductor hip muscle were more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.168, P < 0.05); the d-value of the average rotation speed, the maximum rotation speed and the balance level were less in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.804, P < 0.05). Conclusion Hip adductor isometric muscle strength training may promote the recovery of the balance after functional ankle instability.

Objective To explore the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, screening and evaluation, diagnostic strategies and treatment of impulse control disorder after Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods Studies related to Parkinson's disease complicated with impulse control disorder were retrieved using subject search from PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang Data, until December, 2020, and supplemented by reference backtracking and manual retrieval.

Results A total of 2355 studies were returned first, and 30 were included, from ten countries, mainly published in journals about medicine, neurology, psychiatry, sleep medicine and movement disorders, etc., between 2010 and 2020. The researches mainly involved the pathogenesis, risk factors, screening and evaluation, diagnostic strategies and treatment.

Conclusion There are many risk factors for impulse control disorder in PD patients, mostly the dopaminergic drugs, especially dopamine receptor agonists. Interventions for impulse control disorders emphasize prevention and early identification. Individualized and symptomatic treatments based on adjustment of dopamine receptor agonists are needed.

With potent biological activities, cellular growth factors are polypeptide factors that primarily stimulate cell growth and proliferation. They participate in the regulation of not only normal physiological functions such as human embryonic development and cell growth, but also neurorehabilitation and neuroplasticity in pathological processes such as nerve injury and recovery. Specifically, cellular growth factors have been shown to promote neuron survival, facilitate nerve regeneration and regulate synaptic plasticity, promote cell differentiation/vascular regeneration and modulate the microenvironment, promote nerve fiber myelination and improve nerve conduction. This review summarized current knowledge on the roles and various growth factors in neurorehabilitation and neuroplasticity, providing an update on potential clinical application of cellular growth factors in the field of neural rehabilitation.

With the development of rehabilitation researches for post-stroke motor dysfunction, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on nerve injury has also attracted extensive attention. Subcortical lesions of stroke affect nearby or distal brain areas, leading to motor dysfunction. Mirror neuron system therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation can activate relevant regions of cerebral cortex in a non-invasive way, and restore the balance between cerebral hemispheres, which can regulate the whole brain network circuit. However, there is a lack of grade A evidence for the effects of transcranial electrical stimulation. Although acupuncture and moxibustion can widely regulate the topological structure of the whole brain functional network nodes, it cannot fully explain the therapeutic mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion due to the differences of acupuncture point selection, manipulation, time, and channels. The interactive application of rehabilitation therapy and neuroimaging is becoming a new direction of stroke treatment research.

Objective To design a new type of assistive chopsticks for the hand disorders, such as hand weakness and poor fine movement, etc.Methods The assistive chopsticks were palm-control operative, integrated structure designed, and bending stamping processing technology was adopted. The key parts such as the bends and joint, holding parts were improved. The prototype was tested with finite element analysis and mechanical testing, and used on trial by a three years old boy.Results The gripping force needed was related to the bending radius, material, section size and holding position. It required less dexterity and force for particular fingers, and was not easy to drop down. They could bounce off automatically and were suitable for left hand.Conclusion The new type of assistive chopsticks may help the patients with hand dysfunction to have meals with chopsticks, to improve the quality of life. However, it is also suitable for Westerners with less experience.

Objective To explore the correlation among knee hyperextension angle, lower limb joints kinematics parameters and the activation of main muscles of lower limb in stroke hemiplegic patients with knee hyperextension during walking. Methods From August, 2020 to September, 2021, 24 stroke hemiplegic patients with knee hyperextension and 24 healthy subjects matched with sex, age, height and body mass with knee hyperextension were analyzed with three-dimensional gait analysis system and the wireless surface electromyography acquisition system, to record the range of motion of pelvis, hip, knee and ankle joints in sagittal plane, and the activation of bilateral gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus medialis and gastrocnemius medialis. Results As the maximum of knee hyperextension, range of motion of the joints in sagittal plane and the activation of the muscles were different between the patients and the healthy subjects during the single-support phase of walking (|t| > 3.080, P < 0.01), and the maximum of knee hyperextension correlated with the activation of gluteus maximus in the patients (r = -0.532, P < 0.01), and the range of motion of ankle plantar flexion in both the patients and the healthy subjects (r > 0.686, P < 0.001). Conclusion The correction for knee hyperextension gait in stroke hemiplegic patients may not only need to pay attention to knee joint control, but also need further treatment of ankle control and hip muscle function.

Objective To observe the gait characteristics related to the horizontal obstacle crossing, to optimize obstacle crossing strategy to reduce the risk of falling.

Methods A total of 15 healthy young men were recruited in September, 2019, to complete horizontal obstacle crossing tasks (0 cm, 45 cm, 55 cm and 65 cm wide), with dominant and non-dominant limbs first on a specific experimental path. Gait parameters were collected with infrared camera and biomechanics force plate.

Results As the width of the obstacle increasing, the speed, stride length, step length and toe clearance of trailing limb (TCt) increased; while the heel-to-obstacle distance (HOD) and toe-to-obstacle distance (TOD) decreased. As the non-dominant limb crossing first, the speed of following step was slower, and the TCt, step width, step length and HOD increased.

Conclusion The risk of falling increases with the width of the obstacle during horizontal obstacle crossing. It is recommended to use non-dominant limbs leading crossing, and increase stride length, step length and TCt to reduce the risk of falling.

Objective To systematically research the policies and core contents of World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) documents on policies, guidelines and standards for health-promoting schools and health services. Methods These policy documents included Making Every School a Health-promoting School: Implementation Guidelines, WHO Guidelines on School Health Services, and Making Every School a Health Promoting School Global Standards and Indicators, which construct a conceptual and policies framework for health-promoting schools. In perspective of health service system, this study systematically explored the policies, guidelines and standards of WHO and UNESCO on health-promoting schools and health services, as well as the role of health-promoting school component systems in promoting the health of children and how physical activity can be an important area of health-promoting schools. Results The Health Promoting Schools Initiative is an important area of research for the WHO health services. Making Every School a Health-promoting School: Implementation Guidelines primarily serves students aged five to 19, teachers and other staff in schools. WHO Guidelines on School Health Services cover a variety of activity types including health promotion, health education, preventive interventions, clinical assessment and health services management. Making Every School a Health Promoting School Global Standards and Indicators covers eight global criteria and thirteen specific areas in the areas of policy resources, curriculum and environment, and community engagement. Conclusion WHO and UNESCO have proposed a series of policies related to building health-promoting schools, which focus on child health and advocate the promotion of child and adolescent health, public health, education, social and economic development through schools to achieve the goal of safeguarding the health rights of children and adolescents and meeting health needs. Following the WHO Guidelines on School Health Services and Making Every School a Health Promoting School Global Standards and Indicators, it proposed to incorporate educational and physical education tools into the school health service system.