目的 研究中国残疾人的主要康复需求和康复服务发展状况。方法 对第二次全国残疾人抽样调查中康复需求与发展状况的数据进行统计分析，并就2006年至2016年中国残疾人事业发展统计公报有关康复的数据进行分析研究。结果 我国残疾人的康复需求主要包括：医疗服务与救助、辅助器具、康复训练与服务、贫困残疾人救助、无障碍设施、信息无障碍和其他康复需求。需求最高的是医疗服务与救助(34.84%)和贫困残疾人救助(33.25%)。不同残疾类别残疾人在康复需求上存在非常显著性差异(χ2=40322.1, P<0.01)。在我国各类残疾中，有约41.46%的残疾人未曾接受过任何服务和救助，接受最多的服务是医疗服务与救助(30.45%)，接受最少的是信息无障碍(0.55%)。专家为各类残疾人提供的康复形式建议主要集中在机构康复和社区与家庭服务；专家建议医疗服务作为精神残疾类(68.18%)和视力残疾类(60.28%)的主要康复内容，辅助器具作为听力残疾类(51.67%)的主要康复内容，康复训练与服务作为智力残疾类(57.36%)和言语残疾类(47.06%)的主要康复内容。不同残疾类别残疾人在专家为其提供的康复形式和康复内容上存在非常显著性差异(χ2=12489.9, χ2=52528.93, P<0.01)。结论 中国残疾人的康复需求主要表现为医疗服务与救助、辅助器具、康复训练与服务和贫困残疾人救助，不同类别残疾人康复需求存在差异；残疾人接受最多的是医疗服务与救助；中国残疾人得到的贫困残疾人救助与其需求差距最大；专家为不同类别残疾人建议的康复形式和康复内容存在差异。建议构建国家和地方康复政策支持体系和康复服务治理架构；以残疾人的康复需求为导向，提供精准康复服务；建立综合性康复服务体系，实现人人享有基本康复服务的目标；大力培养专业康复人员，提升康复服务提供能力和水平；运用《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》开展康复科学研究，为促进康复事业发展提供科学支持。

Objective To explore the unmet needs and service of rehabilitation for Chinese people with disabilities. Methods The unmet needs and services of rehabilitation data from the Second National Sample Survey of Disability and 2006-2016 Statistical Bulletin on the Development of People with disabilities in China issued by China Disabled Persons Federation had been analyzed. Results The unmet needs of rehabilitation for people with disabilities in China were mainly included health care and support, assistive devices, rehabilitation therapy and services, poverty alleviation, accessible facilities, accessible information, and other rehabilitation needs. The highest rate of unmet needs of rehabilitation was in the fields of health care (34.84%) and poverty alleviation (33.25%). There were significant differences in unmet needs of rehabilitation among people with different types of disabilities (χ2=40322.1, P<0.01). For all the types of disabilities, 41.46% had not received any service and support, 30.45% received health care and support, and 0.55% received accessible information. The main approaches recommended by professionals for people with disabilities were institutional rehabilitation, and community and family based services. The main services recommended by professionals to people with psychiatric (68.18%) or visual disabilities (60.28%) were health care, to people with hearing disability (51.67%) were assistive device, and to people with intellectual (57.36%) and speech disability (47.06%) were rehabilitation therapy and training. There were significant differences both in rehabilitation approaches and contents among people with different types of disabilities preferred by professionals (χ2=12489.9, χ2=52528.93, P<0.01). Conclusion The unmet needs of rehabilitation for people with different types of disabilities were mainly included health care and assistance, assistive devices, rehabilitation training and services, and poverty alleviation. There were significant differences among people with different types of disabilities. For service delivery, the highest rate was in health care and assistance. The gap between the service and unmet needs of poverty alleviation for people with disabilities in China was the highest. There were significant differences in rehabilitation approaches and contents recommended by professionals among people with different types of disabilities. It was recommended to construct the national and local system of policy support system and rehabilitation service governance, to provide precision rehabilitation services based on the unmet needs of rehabilitation, to develop the comprehensive rehabilitation service delivery to achieve the goal of rehabilitation for all, and to conduct scientific research on rehabilitation by using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to provide evidence and support for the development of rehabilitation.