[1] National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.NINDS Final Report of the Stroke Progress Review Group [DB/OL]. (2011-09-12). http://www.ninds.nih.gov/find_people/groups/stroke_prg/01-2012-stroke-prgreport.htm.
[2] Kawakami K, Miyasaka H, Nonoyama S, et al.Randomized controlled comparative study on effect of training to improvelower limb motor paralysis in convalescent patients with post-strokehemiplegia[J]. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 27(9): 2947-2950.
[3] Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S.Touching the phantom limb[J]. Nature, 1995, 377(6549): 489-490.
[4] Moseley GL, Parsons TJ, Spence C.Visual distortion of a limb modulates the pain and swelling evoked by movement[J]. Curr Biol, 2008, 18(22): 1047-1048.
[5] Altschuler EL, Wisdom SB, Stone L, et al.Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror[J]. Lancet,1999, 353(9169): 2035-2036.
[6] Zult T, Howatson G, Kádár EE, et al.Role of the mirror-neuron system in cross-education[J]. Sports Med, 2014, 44(2): 159-178.
[7] Rosén B, Lundborg G.Training with a mirror in rehabilitation of the hand[J]. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 2005, 39(2):104-108.
[8] Deconinck Frederik JA, Smorenburg Ana RP, Benham A, et al.Reflections on mirror therapy: a systematic review of the effect of mirror visual feedback on the brain[J]. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2015, 29(4): 349-361.
[9] Altschuler EL.Interaction of vision and movement via a mirror[J]. Perception, 2005, 34(9): 1153-1155.
[10] Longo MR, Betti V, Aglioti SM, et al.Visually induced analgesia: seeing the body reduces pain[J]. J Neurosci, 2009, 29(39): 12125-12130.
[11] Saleh S, Adamovich SV, Tunik E.Mirrored feedback in chronic stroke: recruitment and effective connectivity of ipsilesional sensorimotor networks[J]. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2014, 28(4): 344-354.
[12] Funase K,Tabira T, Higashi T, et al.Increased corticospinal excitability during direct observation of self-movement and indirect observation with a mirror box[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2007, 419(2): 108-112.
[13] Lee D, Lee M, Lee K, et al.A symmetric training using virtual reality reflection equipment and the enhancement of upper limb function in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial[J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2014, 23(6): 1319-1326.
[14] Michielsen ME, Selles RW, Geest JNVD, et al.Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial[J]. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2011, 25(3): 223-233.
[15] Nojima I, Mima T, Koganemaru S, et al.Human motor plasticity induced by mirror visual feedback[J]. J Neurosci, 2012, 32(4): 1293-1300.
[16] Cook R, Bird G, Catmur C, et al.Mirror neurons: from origin to function[J]. Behav Brain Sci, 2014, 37(2): 177-192.
[17] Holper L, Wolf M.Motor imagery in response to fake feedback measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy[J]. Neuroimage, 2010, 50(1): 190-197.
[18] Iacoboni M.Neural mechanisms of imitation[J]. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2005, 15(6): 632-637.
[19] Yuan TF, Chen W, Shan CL, et al.Activity-dependent neurorehabilitation beyond physical trainings: "Mental Exercise" through mirror neuron activation[J]. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2015, 14(10): 1267-1271.
[20] Catmur C, Walsh V, Heyes C.Sensorimotor learning configures the human mirror system[J]. Curr Biol, 2007, 17(17): 1527-1531.
[21] Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL.The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function[J]. Brain, 2009, 132(Pt 7): 1693-1710.
[22] Hortobágyi T, Richardson SP, Lomarev M, et al.Interhemispheric plasticity in humans[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2011, 43(7): 1188-1199.
[23] Buccino G, Vogt S, Ritzl A, et al.Neural circuits underlying imitation learning of hand actions: an event-related fMRI study[J]. Neuron, 2004, 42(2): 323-334.
[24] Matthys K, Smits M, Van der Geest JN, et al. Mirror-induced visual illusion of hand movements: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2009, 90(4): 675-681.
[25] Numata K, Murayama T, Takasugi J, et al.Mirror observation of finger action enhances activity in anterior intraparietal sulcus: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. J Jpn Phys Ther Assoc, 2013, 16(1): 1-6.
[26] Baldissera F, Cavallari P, Craighero L, et al.Modulation of spinal excitability during observation of hand actions in human[J]. Eur J Neurosci, 2001, 13(1): 190-194.
[27] Nishimura Y, Onoe H, Morichika Y, et al.Time-dependent central compensatory mechanisms of finger dexterity after spinal cord injury[J]. Science, 2007, 318(5853): 1150-1155.
[28] Michielsen ME, Smits M, Ribbers GM, et al.The neuronal correlates of mirror therapy: an fMRI study on mirror induced visual illusions in patients with stroke[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2011, 82(4): 393-398.
[29] Diers M, Christmann C, Koeppe C, et al.Mirrored, imagined and executed movements differentially activate sensorimotor cortex in amputees with and without phantom limb pain[J]. Pain, 2010, 149(2): 296-304.
[30] McCabe CS, Blake DR. Evidence for a mismatch between the brain's movement control system and sensory system as an explanation for some pain-related disorders[J]. Curr Pain Headache Rep, 2007, 11(2): 104-108.
[31] Senna I, Russo C, Parise CV, et al.Altered visual feedback modulates cortical excitability in a mirror-box-like paradigm[J]. Exp Brain Res, 2015, 233(6): 1921-1929.
[32] Howatson G, Zult T, Farthing JP, et al.Mirror training to augment cross-education during resistance training: a hypothesis[J]. Front Hum Neurosci, 2013, 7(30): 396.
[33] Läppchen CH, Ringer T, Blessin J, et al.Optical illusion alters M1 excitability after mirror therapy: a TMS study[J]. J Neurophysiol, 2012, 108(10): 2857-2861.
[34] Celnik P, Stefan K, Hummel F, et al.Encoding a motor memory in the older adult by action observation[J]. Neuroimage, 2006, 29(2): 677-684.
[35] Reissig P, Stöckel T, Garry MI, et al.Age-specific effects of mirror-muscle activity on cross-limb adaptations under mirror and non-mirror visual feedback conditions[J]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2015, 7: 222.
[36] Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, et al.Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke[J]. Ann Neurol, 2004, 55(3): 400-409.
[37] Rossiter HE, Eaves C, Davis E, et al.Changes in the location of cortico-muscular coherence following stroke[J]. Neuroimage Clin, 2012, 2(1): 50-55.
[38] Fritzsch C, Wang J, Dos Santos LF, et al.Different effects of the mirror illusion on motor and somatosensory processing[J]. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 2014, 32(2): 269-280.
[39] Stefan K, Cohen LG, Duque J, et al.Formation of a motor memory by action observation[J]. J Neurosci, 2005, 25(41): 9339-9346.
[40] Zult T, Goodall S, Thomas K, et al.Mirror training augments the cross-education of strength and affects inhibitory paths[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2016, 48(6): 1001-1013.
[41] Perez MA, Cohen LG.Mechanisms underlying functional changes in the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to an active hand[J]. J Neurosci, 2008, 28(22): 5631-5640.
[42] Ruddy KL, Carson RG.Neural pathways mediating cross education of motor function[J]. Front Hum Neurosci, 2013, 7: 397.
[43] Chieffo R, Inuggi A, Straffi L, et al.Mapping early changes of cortical motor output after subcortical stroke: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study[J]. Brain Stimul, 2013, 6(3): 322-329.
[44] Jax SA, Rosa-Leyra DL, Coslett HB.Enhancing the mirror illusion with transcranial direct current stimulation[J]. Neuropsychologia, 2015, 71: 46-51.
[45] Dohle C, Püllen J, Nakaten A, et al.Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2009, 23(3): 209-217.
[46] Yavuzer G, Selles R, Sezer N, et al.Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2008, 89(3): 393-398.
[47] Taub E, Uswatte G, King DK, et al.A placebo-controlled trial of constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremity after stroke[J]. Stroke, 2006, 37(4): 1045-1049.
[48] Thieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, et al.Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke[J]. Stroke, 2013, 44(1): e1-e2.
[49] Reissig P, Garry MI, Summers JJ, et al.Visual feedback-related changes in ipsilateral cortical excitability during unimanual movement: implications for mirror therapy[J]. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2014, 24(6): 936-957.
[50] Crosby LD, Marrocco S, Brown J, et al.A novel bilateral lower extremity mirror therapy intervention for individuals with stroke[J]. Heliyon, 2016, 2(12): e00208.
[51] Bae SH, Jeong WS, Kim KY.Effects of mirror therapy on subacute stroke patients' brain waves and upper extremity functions[J]. J Phys Ther Sci, 2012, 24(11): 1119-1122.
[52] Bhasin A, Padma Srivastava M, Kumaran S, et al.Neural interface of mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. Neurol India, 2013, 60(6): 570-576.
[53] Mirela CL, Matei D, Ignat B, et al.Mirror therapy enhances upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients[J]. Acta Neurol Belg, 2015, 115(4): 597-603.
[54] Amasyali SY, Yaliman A.Comparison of the effects of mirror therapy and electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation on hand functions in stroke patients: a pilot study[J]. Int J Rehabil Res, 2016, 39(4): 302-307.
[55] Arya KN, Pandian S.Effect of task-based mirror therapy on motor recovery of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients: a pilot study[J]. Top Stroke Rehabil, 2013, 20(3): 210-217.
[56] Thieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, et al.Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, 44(1): 1-2.
[57] Arya KN, Pandian S, Kumar D, et al.Task-based mirror therapy augmenting motor recovery in poststroke hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial[J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2015, 24(8): 1738-1748.
[58] Samuelkamaleshkumar S, Reethajanetsureka S, Pauljebaraj P, et al.Mirror therapy enhances motor performance in the paretic upper limb after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2014, 95(11): 2000-2005.
[59] Park JY, Chang M, Kim KM, et al.The effect of mirror therapy on upper extremity function and activities of daily living in stroke patients[J]. J PhysTher Sci, 2015, 27(6): 1681-1683.
[60] Xu Q, Guo F, Salem HMA, et al.Effects of mirror therapy combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor recovery of lower limbs and walking ability of patients with stroke: a randomized controlled study[J]. Clin Rehabil, 2017, 31(12): 1583-1591.
[61] Mohan U, Babu SK, Kumar KV, et al.Effectiveness of mirror therapy on lower extremity motor recovery, balance and mobility in patients with acute stroke: A randomized sham-controlled pilot trial[J]. Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 2013, 16(4): 634-639.
[62] Feydy A, Carlier R, Roby-Brami A, et al.Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke: recruitment and focusing of brain activation[J]. Stroke, 2002, 33(6): 1610-1617.
[63] Page SJ, Gater DR, Bach-Y-Rita P. Reconsidering the motor recovery plateau in stroke rehabilitation[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2004, 85(8): 1377-1381.
[64] Parsons LM, Gabrieli JD, Phelps EA, et al.Cerebrally lateralized mental representations of hand shape and movement[J]. J Neurosci, 1998, 18(16): 6539-6548.
[65] Bawa P, Hamm JD, Dhillon P, et al.Bilateral responses of upper limb muscles to transcranial magnetic stimulation in human subjects[J]. Exp Brain Res, 2004, 158(3): 385-390.
[66] Cauraugh JH, Summers JJ.Neural plasticity and bilateral movements: a rehabilitation approach for chronic stroke[J]. Prog Neurobiol, 2005, 75(5): 309-320.
[67] Selles RW, Michielsen ME, Bussmann JB, et al.Effects of a mirror-induced visual illusion on a reaching task in stroke patients: implications for mirror therapy training[J]. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2014, 28(7): 652-659.
[68] Kojima K, Ikuno K, Morii Y, et al.Feasibility study of a combined treatment of electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation and mirror therapy in stroke patients: a randomized crossover trial[J]. Neuro Rehabilitation, 2014, 34(2): 235-244.
[69] Arene N, Hidler J.Understanding motor impairment in the paretic lower limb after a stroke: a review of the literature[J]. Top Stroke Rehabil, 2009, 16(5): 346-356.
[70] Guo F, Xu Q, Abo Salem HM, et al.The neuronal correlates of mirror therapy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study on mirror-induced visual illusions of ankle movements[J]. Brain Res, 2016, 1639: 186-193.
[71] Sirigu A, Duhamel JR, Cohen L, et al.The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage[J]. Science, 1996, 273: 1564-1568.
[72] Moseley GL.Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial[J]. Pain, 2004, 108: 192-198.
[73] Lundquist CB, Nielsen JF.Left/right judgement does not influence the effect of mirror therapy after stroke[J]. Disabil Rehabil, 2013, 36(17): 1452-1456.
[74] Lin KC, Huang PC, Chen YT, et al.Combining afferent stimulation and mirror therapy for rehabilitating motor function, motor control, ambulation, and daily functions after stroke[J]. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2014, 28(2): 153-162.
[75] de Almeida Oliveira R, Cintia Dos Santos Vieira P, Rodrigues Martinho Fernandes LF, et al. Mental practice and mirror therapy associated with conventional physical therapy training on the hemiparetic upper limb in poststroke rehabilitation: a preliminary study[J]. Top Stroke Rehabil, 2013, 21(6): 484-494.
[76] Giraux P, Sirigu A.Illusory movements of the paralyzed limb restore motor cortex activity[J]. Neuroimage, 2003, 20(Suppl 1): S107-S111.
[77] Murray Craig D, Pettifer S, Howard T, et al.The treatment of phantom limb pain using immersive virtual reality: three case studies[J]. Disabil Rehabil, 2007, 29(18): 1465-1469.
[78] Hinder MR, Schmidt MW, Garry MI, et al.Absence of cross-limb transfer of performance gains following ballistic motor practice in older adults[J]. J Appl Physiol, 2011, 110(1): 166-175.