目的 分析孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童家庭功能与养育者育儿自我效能感(PSE)的相关性。方法 采用队列研究方法，2015年8月至2016年2月本院ASD儿童(n=142)的养育者入研究组(n=173)，同期正常健康儿童(n=131)养育者入对照组(n=131)，使用家庭功能评定量表(FAD)、育儿自我效能感测评工具(TOPSE)对两组进行问卷调查。结果 两组FAD及TOPSE得分有显著性差异(P<0.05)。高收入、城镇ASD儿童家庭功能优于低收入、农村ASD儿童家庭(P<0.05)。研究组FAD得分与TOPSE得分呈负相关(r=-0.152~-0.257, P<0.05)。结论 ASD儿童家庭功能健康状况和养育者PSE水平明显低于正常儿童家庭，且家庭功能越差，养育者PSE水平越低。应针对ASD养育者的特点制定个体化的、以家庭为中心的干预策略，为患儿的康复提供良好的家庭环境。
Objective To analyze the correlation of family function with parenting self-efficacy (PSE) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) family. Methods Cohort study was carried out. From August, 2015 to February, 2016, caregivers of ASD children (n=142) and healthy children (n=131) were enrolled into investigation group (n=173) and control group (n=131). They were assessed with Family Assessment Device (FAD) and Tool to Measure Parenting Self-efficacy (TOPSE). Results There were significant differences in the scores of FAD and TOPSE between two groups (P<0.05). The scores of FAD were lower in the high income, urban ASD families than in the low income, rural ASD families (P<0.05). The scores of FAD negatively correlated with the scores of TOPSE in the ASD families (r=-0.152 to -0.257, P<0.05). Conclusion The family function and level of PSE of the ASD families was obviously inferior to the healthy families, and the worse the family function is, the lower the level of PSE will be. Individualized and family-centered intervention strategies should be developed to provide a good family environment for the rehabilitation of children with ASD.
[1] Kane MJ, Brown LH, McVay JC, et al. For whom the mind wanders, and when an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life [J]. Psychol Sci, 2007, 18(7): 614-621.
[2] Smallwood J, Schooler JW. The restless mind [J]. Psychol Bull, 2006, 132(6): 946-958.
[3] Smallwood J, McSpadden M, Schooler JW. When attention matters: The curious incident of the wandering mind [J]. Mem Cognit, 2008, 36(6): 1144-1150.
[4] Allan CJ, Solman GJ, Carriere JS, et al. Anatomy of an error: a bidirectional state model of task engagement/disengagement and attention-related errors [J]. Cognition, 2009, 111(1): 98-113.
[5] Seli P, Cheyne JA, Smilek D. Wandering minds and wavering rhythms: linking mind wandering and behavioral variability [J]. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 2013, 39(1): 1-5.
[6] Seli P, Carriere JS, Levene M, et al. How few and far between? Examining the effects of probe rate on self-reported mind wandering [J]. Front Psychol, 2013, 4: 430.
[7] Smallwood J, O'Connor RC, Sudberry MV, et al. The consequences of encoding information on the maintenance of internally generated images and thoughts: the role of meaning complexes [J]. Conscious Cogn, 2004, 28(13): 789-820.
[8] Smallwood J, Davies JB, Heim D, et al. Subjective experience and the attentional lapse: Task engagement and disengagement during sustained attention [J]. Couscious Cogn, 2004, 13(4): 657-690.
[9] Watts FN, Macleod AK, Morris L. Associations between phenomenal and objective aspects of concentration problems in depressed patients [J]. Br J Psychol, 1988, 79(2): 241-250.
[10] 雪梨. 古尔比斯：一切都取决于脑子里想什么[J]. 网球, 2009(4): 76-81.
[11] 搜狐体育讯. 张培萌爆料“走神儿”内幕 苏炳添爆发“打醒”自己 [EB/OL]. (2013-09-11). http://sports.sohu.com/20130911/n386385268.shtml.
[12] Smallwood J, Anderws-Hanna J. Not all minds that wander are lost: the importance of a balanced perspective on the mind-wandering state [J]. Front Psychol, 2013, 4(7): 441.
[13] 唐孝威,宋晓兰. 思维研究[M]. 杭州:浙江大学出版, 2014: 241-242.
[14] 李洁玲,姚家新. 运动员心智游移：基于扎根理论的质性研究[J]. 中国体育科技, 2016, 52(6): 43-50.
[15] Seli P, Risko FR, Smilek D. On the necessity of distinguishing between unintentional and intentional mind wandering [J]. Psychol Sci, 2016, 27(5): 685-691.
[16] Jonker TR, Seli P, Cheyne JA, et al. Performance reactivity in a continuous-performance task: Implications for understanding post-error behavior [J]. Conscious Cogn, 2013, 22(4): 1468-1476.
[17] Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future [J]. Clin Psychol Sci Prac, 2003, 10(2): 144-156.
[18] Kabat -Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results [J]. Gen Hosp Psych, 1982, 4(1): 33-47.
[19] Kabat-Zinn J. Full Catastrophe Living: Using The Wisdom Of Your Body And Mind To Face Stress，Pain And Illness [M]. New York: Delacorte, 1990.
[20] 卜丹冉. “正念-接受-觉悟-投入”训练对网球运动员心理干预效果检验的个案研究[J]. 湖北体育科技, 2015, 43(1): 54-57.
[21] 卜丹冉,姒刚彦. 以正念接受为基础的心理干预对散打运动员表现提高的影响——一项单被试试验设计研究[J]. 天津体育学院学报, 2014, 29(6): 534-538.
[22] 冯国艳,姒刚彦. 花样游泳运动员正念训练干预效果[J]. 中国运动医学杂志, 2015, 34(12): 1159-1167.
[23] Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review [J]. Clin Psychol Sci Prac, 2003, 10(2): 125-143.
[24] Miller JJ, Fletcher K, Kabat-Zinn J. Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders [J]. Gen Hosp Psych, 1995, 17(3): 192-200.
[25] Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy For Depression [M]. New York: Guilford Press, 2012.
[26] 吴琼,石林,夏志鹏,等. 不同时长和内容的正念训练对抑郁的干预效果[J]. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2013, 21(4): 685-689.
[27] Szpunar KK, Moulton ST, Schacter DL. Mind wandering and education: from the classroom to online learning [J]. Front Psych, 2013, 4: 495.
