冬奥会/冬青奥会运动损伤资料分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2020.10.015

《中国康复理论与实践》 ›› 2020, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (10): 1209-1216.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2020.10.015

冬奥会/冬青奥会运动损伤资料分析

刘宏炜^1,²,李建军^1,²(),杨明亮^1,²,张鑫²,申敏鑫²,高峰^1,²,秦川²

1.中国康复研究中心北京博爱医院脊柱脊髓神经功能重建科,北京市 100068
2.首都医科大学康复医学院,北京市100068

收稿日期:2020-01-10 修回日期:2020-02-28 出版日期:2020-10-25 发布日期:2020-10-29
通讯作者: 李建军 E-mail:crrc100@163.com
作者简介:刘宏炜(1985-),男,汉族,山西临汾市人,硕士,主治医师,主要研究方向：脊柱脊髓及周围神经损伤。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFF0301104)

Analysis of Sports Injuries from Winter Olympic and Winter Youth Olympic Games

LIU Hong-wei^1,²,LI Jian-jun^1,²(),YANG Ming-liang^1,²,ZHANG Xin²,SHEN Min-xin²,GAO Feng^1,²,QIN Chuan²

1. Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
2. Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing 100068, China

Received:2020-01-10 Revised:2020-02-28 Published:2020-10-25 Online:2020-10-29
Contact: LI Jian-jun E-mail:crrc100@163.com
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFF0301104)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的分析既往冬奥会和冬青奥会赛事期间运动员出现运动损伤的特征。
方法收集2010年、2014年冬奥会和2012年冬青奥会的注册运动员资料,包括各比赛项目损伤人数、损伤部位、损伤类型和严重程度等信息,统计分析其流行病学特征。
结果共收集6370人次注册运动员信息,记录789次运动损伤,每1000人次注册运动员损伤率为123.9,平均11%的运动员至少受伤1次。三届赛事损伤率比较有显著性差异(χ² = 12.301, P= 0.002),女性比男性更容易受伤(χ² = 5.220, P= 0.022)。损伤率最高的项目前3名分别为单板滑雪(23.9%)、自由式滑雪(23.2%)和雪车(18.0%);损伤人次最多的项目前3名分别为冰球(160人次,20.3%)、高山滑雪(128人次,16.2%)和单板滑雪(113人次,14.3%)。最常累及的部位前3名为膝部(54人次,13.6%)、头部(41人次,10.3%)和腰椎/腰部(27人次,6.8%);最常见的损伤类型前3名为挫伤/血肿/擦伤(123人次,30.9%)、扭伤(包括脱位/半脱位或韧带断裂) (71人次,17.8%)和拉伤(包括肌肉断裂/撕裂或肌腱断裂) (47人次,11.8%)。有251例损伤(31.8%)预计会影响运动员继续比赛或训练,其中81例为严重损伤(32.3%)。结论冬季运动赛事致伤率高,受伤类型多,危重患者多,不同比赛项目中损伤率和损伤人数差异很大。训练和医疗救治上要重点关注受伤风险高的单板滑雪、自由式滑雪和雪车项目,还有损伤人数多的冰球和高山滑雪项目。未来需要关注具体运动项目的技术特点、损伤危险因素和机制研究,减少运动损伤的发生,同时要加强运动损伤绿色通道建设,减少伤残和促进伤员运动功能的恢复。

关键词: 冬季运动, 冬奥会, 运动损伤, 流行病学

Abstract:

Objective To analyze the characteristics of athletes' sports injuries during the Winter Olympic and Winter Youth Olympic Games.
Methods The information of registered athletes during the 2010, 2014 Winter Olympics and 2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games, including the injury numbers of each sport, damage sites, types and severity of injuries were collected, and the epidemiological characteristics were analyzed.
Results A total of 6370 person-time registered athletes were collected and 789 sports injuries were recorded. The injury rate per 1000 registered athletes was 123.9. An average of 11% of athletes was injured at least once. There was a significant difference in the injury rate among these events (χ² = 12.301, P= 0.002). Women were more likely to be injured than men (χ² = 5.220, P= 0.022). The top three sports with the highest injury rate were snowboarding (23.9%), freestyle skiing (23.2%) and Bobsleigh (18.0%); the top three sports with the largest number of injuries were ice hockey (160 person-time, 20.3%), alpine skiing (128 person-time, 16.2%) and snowboarding (113 person-time, 14.3%). The top three most injured sites were knee (54 person-time, 13.6%), head (41 person-time, 10.3%) and lumbar spine/lower back (27 person-time, 6.8%); the top three types of injury were contusion/haematoma/bruise (123 person-time, 30.9%), sprain (dislocation/subluxation or ligamentous rupture) (71 person-time, 17.8%) and strain (muscle rupture/tear or tendon rupture) (47 person-time,11.8%). A total of 251 injuries (31.8%) were expected to result in time loss for the athlete, 81 out of whom were severe injuries (32.3%).
Conclusion There is a mass of sport injuries in winter sports events with different types and severities. The incidence of injury varies with sports, and it is focused on snowboarding, freestyle skiing and Bobsleigh, ice hockey and alpine skiing. It is needed to research the technical characteristics of specific sports, damage risk factors and mechanism to reduce the sports injuries, and to construct green channels for sports injuries, to promote the recovery of function.

Key words: winter sports, Winter Olympic Games, sports injury, epidemiology

中图分类号:

R651.2

刘宏炜,李建军,杨明亮,张鑫,申敏鑫,高峰,秦川. 冬奥会/冬青奥会运动损伤资料分析[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2020, 26(10): 1209-1216.

LIU Hong-wei,LI Jian-jun,YANG Ming-liang,ZHANG Xin,SHEN Min-xin,GAO Feng,QIN Chuan. Analysis of Sports Injuries from Winter Olympic and Winter Youth Olympic Games[J]. 《Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice》, 2020, 26(10): 1209-1216.

图/表 4

表1

表2

表3

表4

参考文献 21

[1]	单琛蕾, 张伟, 郝鹏飞. 北京冬奥会对我国冰雪运动的影响[J]. 南京体育学院学报, 2018, 1(1):40-44.
	Shan C L, Zhang W, Hao P F. Influence of Beijing Winter Olympics on Chinese ice and snow movement[J]. J Nanjing Sports Institute, 2018, 1(1):40-44.
[2]	阚军常, 王飞, 张宏宇, 等. 我国大众冰雪运动发展的问题、形成根源及对策[J]. 体育文化导刊, 2018(10):40-45.
	Kan J C, Wang F, Zhang H Y, et al. The current situation, problems and countermeasures of the development on public sports of ice and snow in China[J]. Sports Culture Guide, 2018(10):40-45.
[3]	李建业, 李克强. 我国对冬季奥林匹克运动研究的热点与发展特征[J]. 冰雪运动, 2018, 40(3):40-46.
	Li J Y, Li K Q. Research focus and development characteristics of winter Olympics in China[J]. China Winter Sport, 2018, 40(3):40-46.
[4]	Weber C D, Horst K, Lefering R, et al. Major trauma in winter sports: an international trauma database analysis[J]. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 2016, 42(6):741-747. doi: 10.1007/s00068-015-0596-7
[5]	Junge A, Engebretsen L, Alonso J M, et al. Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: the International Olympic Committee approach[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2008, 42(6):413-421. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.046631
[6]	Ruedl G, Schnitzer M, Kirschner W, et al. Sports injuries and illnesses during the 2015 Winter European Youth Olympic Festival[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2016, 50(10):631-636. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095665
[7]	Engebretsen L, Steffen K, Alonso J M, et al. Sports injuries and illnesses during the Winter Olympic Games 2010[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2010, 44(11):772-780. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.076992
[8]	Soligard T, Steffen K, Palmer-Green D, et al. Sports injuries and illnesses in the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2015, 49(7):441-447. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094538
[9]	Ruedl G, Schobersberger W, Pocecco E, et al. Sport injuries and illnesses during the first Winter Youth Olympic Games 2012 in Innsbruck, Austria[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2012, 46(15):1030-1037. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091534
[10]	Crim J R. Winter sports injuries. The 2002 Winter Olympics experience and a review of the literature[J]. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2003, 11(2):311-321. doi: 10.1016/S1064-9689(03)00027-8
[11]	Gallo-Vallejo M A, de la Cruz-Marquez J C, de la Cruz-Campos A, et al. Sports injuries and illnesses during the Granada Winter Universiade 2015[J]. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 2016, 2(1):e123.
[12]	Kim K, Jang J Y, Moon G, et al. Experiences of the Emergency Department at the Pyeongchang Polyclinic During the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games[J]. Yonsei Med J, 2019, 60(5):474-480. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.5.474
[13]	Piat S C, Minniti D, Traversi D, et al. Torino 2006 Winter Olympic Games: highlight on health services organization[J]. J Emerg Med, 2010, 39(4):454-461. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.08.028
[14]	Allen T L, Jolley S J, Cooley V J, et al. The epidemiology of illness and injury at the alpine venues during the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympic Games[J]. J Emerg Med, 2006, 30(2):197-202. pmid: 16567258
[15]	Florenes T W, Nordsletten L, Heir S, et al. Recording injuries among World Cup skiers and snowboarders: a methodological study[J]. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2011, 21(2):196-205. doi: 10.1111/sms.2011.21.issue-2
[16]	Soligard T, Steffen K, Palmer D, et al. Sports injury and illness incidence in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Summer Games: A prospective study of 11274 athletes from 207 countries[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2017, 51(17):1265-1271. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097956
[17]	Blank C, Schamasch P, Engebretsen L, et al. Medical services at the first Winter Youth Olympic Games 2012 in Innsbruck/Austria[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2012, 46(15):1048-1054. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091602
[18]	Florenes T W, Nordsletten L, Heir S, et al. Injuries among World Cup ski and snowboard athletes[J]. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2012, 22(1):58-66. doi: 10.1111/sms.2012.22.issue-1
[19]	Pan S N, Lyu X H, Liu Q, et al. Pay attention to the imaging study of sport injury and illness in Winter Olympics Sports[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2018, 131(9):1013-1015.
[20]	Steenstrup S E, Bakken A, Bere T, et al. Head injury mechanisms in FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2018, 52(1):61-69. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098240
[21]	Palmer-Green D, Elliott N. Sports injury and illness epidemiology: Great Britain Olympic Team (TeamGB) surveillance during the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2015, 49(1):25-29. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094206

性别	2010冬奥会	2012冬青奧会	2014冬奥会	合计
男	1522	554	1662	3738
女	1045	461	1126	2632
合计	2567	1015^a	2788	6370

比赛项目	2010冬奥会			2012冬青奥会			2014冬奥会			合计
比赛项目	n	损伤数	损伤率(%)	n	损伤数	损伤率(%)	n	损伤数	损伤率(%)	n	损伤数	损伤率(%)
冰上运动	1289	169	13.1	550	54	9.8	1324	146	11.0	3163	369	11.7
冰壶	100	4	4.0	64	2	3.1	100	12	12.0	264	18	6.8
冰球	444	82	18.5	199	26	13.1	466	52	11.2	1109	160	14.4
花样滑冰	146	21	14.4	66	8	12.1	149	20	13.4	361	49	13.6
短道速滑	109	20	18.3	31	2	6.5	106	9	8.5	246	31	12.6
速度滑冰	176	5	2.8	56	5	8.9	177	8	4.5	409	18	4.4
雪车	159	32	20.1	36	3	8.3	171	31	18.1	366	66	18.0
雪橇	108	2	1.9	70	4	5.7	108	9	8.3	286	15	5.2
钢架雪车	47	3	6.4	28	1	3.6	47	5	10.6	122	9	7.4
雪上运动	1278	118	9.2	465	60	12.9	1464	242	16.5	3207	420	13.1
高山滑雪	308	46	14.9	120	17	14.2	314	65	20.7	742	128	17.3
自由式滑雪	172	23	13.4	52	15	28.8	262	72	27.5	486	110	22.6
空中技巧	47	9	19.1	-	-	-	43	21	48.8	-	-	-
U型场地技巧	-	-	-	23	10	43.5	51	13	25.5	-	-	-
雪上技巧	57	1	1.8	-	-	-	57	14	24.6	-	-	-
障碍追逐	68	13	19.1	29	5	17.2	59	8	13.6	-	-	-
坡面障碍技巧	-	-	-	-	-	-	52	16	30.8	-	-	-
单板滑雪	185	33	17.8	50	21	42.0	237	59	24.8	472	113	23.9
U型场地技巧	69	9	13.0	-	-	-	66	12	18.2	-	-	-
坡面障碍技巧	-	-	-	-	-	-	46	17	37.0	-	-	-
障碍追逐	57	20	35.1	-	-	-	61	21	34.4	-	-	-
回转	59	4	6.8	-	-	-	64	9	14.1	-	-	-
冬季两项	202	3	1.5	99	1	1.0	204	14	6.9	505	18	3.6
越野滑雪	292	9	3.1	90	5	5.6	297	23	7.7	679	37	5.4
北欧两项	52	1	1.9	17	1	5.9	54	2	7.7	123	4	3.3
跳台滑雪	67	3	4.5	37	-	-	96	7	7.3	200	10	5.0
合计	2567	287	11.2	1015	111	10.9	2788	391^a	14.0	6370	789	12.4

损伤部位	2010冬奥会	2012冬青奥会	n(%)
面部(包括眼、耳、鼻)	13	2	15(3.8)
头部	30	11	41(10.3)
颈椎/颈部	16	1	17(4.3)
胸椎/背部	10	6	16(4.0)
胸骨/肋骨	5	3	8(2.0)
腰椎/腰部	16	11	27(6.8)
腹部	5	-	5(1.3)
骨盆/骶骨/臀部	11	12	23(5.8)
锁骨/肩部	15	10	25(6.3)
上臂	3	-	3(0.8)
肘部	9	2	11(2.8)
前臂	3	3	6(1.5)
腕部	14	2	16(4.0)
手掌	9	4	13(3.3)
手指	8	3	11(2.8)
拇指	-	1	1(0.3)
髋部	11	2	13(3.3)
腹股沟	3	2	5(1.3)
大腿	20	4	24(6.0)
膝部	39	15	54(13.6)
小腿	18	7	25(6.3)
跟腱	3	-	3(0.8)
踝部	16	3	19(4.8)
脚/脚趾	8	6	14(3.5)
实际损伤数	287^a	111^b

损伤类型	2010冬奥会	2012冬青奥会	n(%)
脑震荡	20	8	28(7.0)
骨折(创伤性、应力性或其它骨损伤)	19	5	24(6.0)
扭伤(脱位/半脱位或韧带断裂)	51	20	71(17.8)
拉伤(肌肉断裂/撕裂或肌腱断裂)	36	11	47(11.8)
半月板、软骨损伤	4	-	4(1.0)
挫伤/血肿、擦伤	80	43	123(30.9)
肌腱炎、肌腱病	16	2	18(4.5)
关节炎、滑膜炎、黏液囊炎	3	2	5(1.3)
撞击综合征	3	1	4(1.0)
裂伤、磨损、皮肤病变	25	2	27(6.8)
牙齿损伤、断牙	3	1	4(1.0)
肌肉痉挛	8	8	16(4.0)
其他(包括神经、脊髓,筋膜炎)	14	7	21(5.3)
实际损伤数	287^a	111^b

冬奥会/冬青奥会运动损伤资料分析

Analysis of Sports Injuries from Winter Olympic and Winter Youth Olympic Games

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 4

参考文献 21

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	胡庆奎, 尹航, 贾绍辉, 刘辉. 残奥运动员的损伤率、类别、风险因素以及干预策略：Scoping综述[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2023, 29(10): 1154-1163.
[2]	顾蕊,田罡,黄秋晨,刘克敏,闵红巍,冯建璞,王安庆. 儿童下肢截肢及其功能康复的流行病学与临床特征[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2022, 28(7): 753-758.
[3]	刘宏炜,李建军,杜良杰,杨明亮. 老年人创伤性脊髓损伤研究进展[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2020, 26(2): 204-209.
[4]	高薇薇, 张晓晓, 白银婷. 宁波市养老院老年人吞咽功能障碍调查[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2019, 25(7): 761-765.
[5]	陈敬绵, 李宗军, 李培兰, 张通. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与脑卒中相关性的研究进展[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2019, 25(7): 783-787.
[6]	季程程, 王兴, 杨鹏飞, 张信波. 近10年前交叉韧带运动损伤研究热点的可视化分析[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2019, 25(12): 1400-1407.
[7]	宋辉, 徐昕. 肌内效贴在运动损伤康复及预防中的作用[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2019, 25(1): 64-69.
[8]	唐涛, 苟远涛, 唐俊, 何舰, 牟帅, 赵亮, 臧振峰, 徐练, 杨梅, 李燕. 成都地区成人股骨头坏死流行病学研究[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2018, 24(8): 970-974.
[9]	张杰1 综述，王强2,3 审校. 膀胱疼痛综合征①[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2016, 22(5): 552-558.
[10]	刘琳，黄强民，刘庆广，薄成志. 肌筋膜触发点理论及其在运动康复临床实践中应用的研究进展①[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2016, 22(10): 1167-1170.
[11]	熊妮娜;叶奇;邵翠霞;施继良. 2006 年中国孤独症儿童相关残疾状况分析[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2012, 18(8): 757-759.
[12]	姜京城;朱立强;叶超群;孙天胜;胥少汀. 423 例脊髓损伤住院患者特征分析[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2012, 18(7): 665-668.
[13]	凤玉;周衡. 神经内科急诊头痛患者的流行病学研究[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2011, 17(11): 1043-1045.
[14]	魏晨婧;曹学军;. 足部矫形器在下肢运动损伤中的应用[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2010, 16(1): 37-39.
[15]	蔡丽飞;曹学军;. 下肢矫形器在运动损伤中的应用现状[J]. 《中国康复理论与实践》, 2010, 16(1): 42-43.