《中国康复理论与实践》

《中国康复理论与实践》 ›› 2023, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10): 1154-1163.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2023.10.006

• 循证研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

残奥运动员的损伤率、类别、风险因素以及干预策略：Scoping综述

胡庆奎1,2, 尹航3, 贾绍辉1, 刘辉1,2,4()   

  1. 1.武汉体育学院运动医学院，湖北武汉市430079
    2.武汉体育学院运动健康智能装备湖北省工程研究中心，湖北武汉市 430079
    3.武汉商学院，湖北武汉市 430056
    4.武汉体育学院国家体育总局体育工程重点实验室，湖北武汉市 430079
  • 收稿日期:2023-09-26 出版日期:2023-10-25 发布日期:2023-11-16
  • 通讯作者: 刘辉(1980-)，男，汉族，湖北黄石市人，硕士，副教授，主要研究方向：体质测量与健康促进、适应性体育、ICF-CY。E-mail： 364396538@qq.com
  • 作者简介:胡庆奎(1981-)，男，土家族，湖北恩施市人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向：运动损伤治疗与康复、骨科疾病治疗与康复。
  • 基金资助:
    武汉体育学院"十四五"湖北省高等学校优势特色学科(群)(鄂教研[2021]5号);武汉体育学院中青年科研创新团队项目(21KT14)

Prevalence, types, risk factors and intervention strategies of sport injury for Paralympic athletes: a scoping review

HU Qingkui1,2, YIN Hang3, JIA Shaohui1, LIU Hui1,2,4()   

  1. 1. College of Sport Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
    2. Engineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
    3. Wuhan Business University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
    4. Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
  • Received:2023-09-26 Published:2023-10-25 Online:2023-11-16
  • Contact: LIU Hui, E-mail: 364396538@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    The 14th Five-Year-Plan Advantageous and Characteristic Disciplines (Groups) of Colleges and Universities in Hubei Province under Grant(鄂教研[2021]5号);Young and Middle-aged Scientific Research and Innovation Team Project of Wuhan Sports University(21KT14)

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摘要：

目的 分析近8年夏季和冬季残奥会期间残奥运动员的运动损伤情况、造成运动损伤的风险因素以及可能的干预方法。
方法 检索2013年1月至2022年7月PubMed、Web of Science、EBSCO和中国知网有关残奥运动员运动损伤的文献，并进行Scoping综述。
结果 最终纳入8篇英文文献，来自中国、瑞典、南非、波兰和美国5个国家，涉及4 769例运动员，研究类型涉及访谈研究(1篇)、调查研究(5篇)、回顾性研究(1篇)和前瞻性队列研究(1篇);主要来源于运动医学、适应性体育和体育运动科学等领域期刊，发表时间主要集中在2016年至2022年。残奥运动员的残疾类型主要涉及肢体残疾(上下肢截肢、脑瘫、脊髓损伤、脊髓灰质炎、发育不良和神经肌肉萎缩症、中枢神经系统损伤、脊髓脊膜膨出等)、智力残疾和视力残疾。残奥运动员的运动损伤率较高，且多数发生在比赛期间。运动损伤类型主要包括急性损伤、慢性过度使用损伤和慢性转急性损伤3种。运动损伤部位主要涉及头颈部、上肢(肩部、上臂/前臂、肘部、手腕、手指)、躯干(腹部、背部、腰部)、下肢(髋关节/腹股沟、大腿、膝盖、小腿、脚踝、脚趾)。造成残奥运动员运动损伤的风险因素主要有既往损伤史、疾病、疲劳和体力下降、痉挛和肌肉无力;粗心或分心、过度焦虑或兴奋的情绪状态;运动训练方法不当、缺乏运动训练与损伤预防相关的知识、运动技能缺陷;天气、比赛场地、运动设施、器材与辅助器具使用以及年龄因素等。残奥运动员损伤可通过以下方式提供干预服务：为残奥运动员提供康复治疗服务、优化训练设计，为教练员和运动员开展有关各类损伤知识的集体培训、进行残疾运动员运动损伤相关研究，制定预防方案与策略、提高残奥运动员的身体素质与提升运动技能、改善损伤的应急救治技术以及加强运动医学与康复治疗之间的协调和治理结构等。
结论 残奥运动员运动损伤率较高。损伤类型以慢性过度使用损伤最为常见，损伤部位多为头颈部和上肢。造成残奥运动员运动损伤的风险因素主要涉及身体功能、心理、活动和参与、环境和其他因素。主要干预策略包括：提供应急治疗干预及监护服务，提供运动医学治疗和康复治疗，提供预防训练和比赛损伤的指导和专业化支持，提供预防运动损伤的健康教育。

关键词: 残奥运动员, 残奥会, 运动损伤, 风险, 干预, Scoping综述

Abstract:

Objective To analyze the occurrence of sport injury in Paralympic athletes during the Summer or Winter Paralympic Games, as well as the risk factors for sport injuries and possible interventions.
Methods The literatures related to sport injuries of Paralympic athletes were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI from January, 2013 to July, 2022, and a scoping review of the retrieved literature was performed.
Results Finally, eight English articles from China, Sweden, South Africa, Poland and the United States were included, involving 4 769 atheletes. They included one interview study, five survey studies, one retrospective study and one prospective cohort study, which were mainly from journals in the fields of sport medicine, adaptive sport and sport science, and the publication date was mainly from 2016 to 2022. The types of disability of Paralympic athletes mainly involved physical disability (upper and lower limb amputation, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, poliomyelitis, dysplasia and neuromuscular dystrophy, central nervous system injury, myelomeningocele, etc.), intellectual disability and visual disability. The incidence of sport injury was high in Paralympic athletes, and most of the injury occured during competitions. Acute injury, chronic overuse injury and chronic to acute injury were the three most common types of injury. Sports injuries mainly involved head and neck, upper limbs (shoulders, upper arms/forearms, elbows, wrists and fingers), trunk (abdomen, back and waist), and lower limbs (hips/groin, thighs, knees, calves, ankles and toes). Risk factors for sport injuries in Paralympic athletes mainly included previous injury history, illness, fatigue and decreased physical strength, spasticity and muscle weakness; emotional states of inattention or distraction, excessive anxiety or excitement; improper exercise training methods, lack of knowledge related to sport training and injury prevention, and motor skill deficiencies; weather, competition venues, sport facilities, use of equipment and assistive devices, age factors, etc. Injuries of Paralympic athletes could be prevented by providing rehabilitation services for Paralympic athletes, optimizing training design, conducting collective training for coaches and athletes on various types of injuries, conducting research related to sport injuries of disabled athletes, formulating prevention programs and strategies, improving the physical fitness and sport skills of Paralympic athletes, improving emergency treatment techniques for injuries, and strengthening coordination and governance structures between sport medicine and rehabilitation therapists.
Conclusion The incidence of sport injury is high in Paralympic athletes. Chronic overuse injury is the most common injury type, and the injuries most involve head, neck and upper extremities. The risk factors for sport injuries of Paralympic athletes mainly involve physical function, psychological, activities and participation, environment and other factors. The main intervention strategies include providing emergency treatment intervention and monitoring services, sport medicine treatment and rehabilitation, guidance and specialized support, and health education on sport injury prevention.

Key words: Paralympic athletes, Paralympic games, sport injury, risk, intervention, scoping review

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