我国家庭照护者支持性政策研究：基于PMC指数模型

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2024.12.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To evaluate the supportive policies for caregivers issued in China, and analyze the structures and contents.

Methods The national supportive policies for family caregivers in China within the past decade were text-mined using ROSTCM 6.0. Secondary indicators were established according to the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index model combining with World Health Organization six blocks of health services.

Results The average PMC score was 7.38. There were seven good policies and three accepted policies. The policies covered well in publicity, recipients and functions, and needed to improve in incentive and restraint.

Conclusion China's policies have played a positive role in supporting family caregivers. It is needed to reduce the burden on family caregivers and improve their welfare.

Key words: aging, family caregiver, policy evaluation, Policy Modeling Consistency

CLC Number:

R492

XU Wenkun, WANG Chong, YANG Zhuoya, ZHONG Yaqin. Research on supportive policies for family caregivers in China: based on PMC index model[J]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, 2024, 30(12): 1376-1382.

Figures/Tables 5

Figure 1

Table 1

Documents on family caregivers policies"

序号	政策名称	发文时间	发文部门
P1	关于加快精神障碍社区康复服务发展的意见	2017年10月	民政部、财政部、卫生计生委、中国残疾人联合会
P2	关于进一步扩大养老服务供给促进养老服务消费的实施意见	2019年9月	民政部
P3	关于建立完善老年健康服务体系的指导意见	2019年10月	卫生健康委、发展改革委、教育部、民政部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、医保局、中医药局
P4	“十四五”民政事业发展规划	2021年6月	民政部、国家发改委
P5	关于加强新时代老龄工作的意见	2021年11月	中共中央、国务院
P6	“十四五”国家老龄事业发展和养老服务体系规划	2021年12月	国务院
P7	关于全面加强老年健康服务工作的通知	2021年12月	卫生健康委、全国老龄办、中医药局
P8	“十四五”健康老龄化规划	2022年2月	国家卫生健康委、教育部、科技部、工业和信息化部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、住房和城乡建设部、退役军人事务部、市场监管总局、广电总局、体育总局、国家医保局、银保监会、国家中医药局、中国残疾人联合会
P9	关于进一步推进医养结合发展的指导意见	2022年7月	卫生健康委、发展改革委、教育部、民政部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、自然资源部、住房城乡建设部、应急部、市场监管总局、医保局
P10	关于加快发展农村养老服务的指导意见	2024年5月	民政部、中央精神文明建设办公室、农业农村部、国家发展改革委、教育部、司法部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、自然资源部、住房城乡建设部、国家卫生健康委、应急管理部、中国人民银行、市场监管总局、金融监管总局、国务院国资委、国家医保局、国家邮政局、国家消防救援局、全国供销合作总社、中国残联、全国老龄办

Table 1

Table 2

PMC index system on family caregivers policies"

一级变量	二级变量	二级变量释义
政策性质X₁	预测X_1.1	是否就未来老年人照护(家庭照护者)压力提出预测性目标指标等
	建议X_1.2	是否就家庭照护的发展提出明确的意见或建议
	描述X_1.3	是否就政策发布的政府层次、政策领域和政策支持有详细的描述
	反馈X_1.4	是否就家庭照护者支持的问题存在反馈机制
政策领域X₂	政治X_2.1	是否涉及家庭照护者支持的有关体制和机制
	经济X_2.2	是否涉及对家庭照护者的经济支持、经济目标等
	文化X_2.2	是否涉及与照护者相关文化教育、心理健康教育等内容
	社会X_2.4	是否涉及照护者的社会保障、健康、就业和教育等内容
	家庭生活X_2.5	是否涉及家庭环境中的生活条件、家庭功能和就业水平等内容
政策时效X₃	一年内X_3.1	政策时效为1年内
	短期X_3.2	政策时效为1~5年
	中期X_3.3 长期X_3.4	政策时效为6~10年政策时效为10年以上
政策内容X₄	护理假期X_4.1	是否涉及家庭照护者特定假期
	照护补贴X_4.2	是否涉及家庭照护者经济补偿
	技能培训X_4.3	是否涉及对家庭照护者进行技能培训
	喘息服务X_4.4	是否涉及对家庭照护者进行喘息服务
	社区养老X_4.5	是否涉及社区养老以减轻家庭照护者的负担
	心理社会X_4.6	是否涉及对照护者提供社会参与、心理教育、休闲社交等活动
	长护保险X_4.7	是否涉及长期护理保险制度以减轻家庭照护者的负担
	医疗设备X_4.8	是否涉及照护者平时所需要的医疗产品的补贴
政策受体X₅	政府X_5.1	对象是否为政府及其相关下级部门
	医疗机构X_5.2	对象是否为医疗机构
	养老机构X_5.3	对象是否为养老机构
	企业X_5.4	对象是否为长期照护相关企业
	社区X_5.5	对象是否为照护者或老人所在的社区
	家庭X_5.6	对象是否为照护者或老人所在的家庭
政策评价X₆	目标清晰X_6.1	是否拥有明确、具体、可量化的相关指标
	依据充分X_6.2	是否在制定、执行时是否有客观依据，如人口老龄化等
	内容详实X_6.3	是否涉及上述8项政策内容的4项及以上
	分工明确X_6.4	具体措施是否有明确的部门进行负责和分工
政策功能X₇	养老机构改革X_7.1	是否涉及养老机构改革设置日间照护减少照护者压力
	强化社区治理X_7.2	是否涉及强化社区功能减少照护者压力
	扩大试点X_7.3	是否涉及扩大喘息服务、居家养老等试点
政策工具X₈	强制型X_8.1	是否涉及照护者权利保障、制度完善等内容
	混合型X_8.2	是否涉及照护者资金补贴、就业保障和人才培养等内容
	自愿型X_8.3	是否涉及照护者奖励表彰和宣传教育等内容
激励约束X₉	政策支持X_9.1	是否包含对家庭照护者有关主题采取减税或免税的特殊规定
	风险管理X_9.2	是否包含家庭照护者在提供照护服务过程中可能面临的各种风险进行识别、评估、预防和应对方法
	人才培养X_9.3	是否包含通过技术培训、绩效考核等手段激发照护人才需求和从业动机
	财政补贴X_9.4	是否包含政府针对各项老年人照护服务内容提供财政补贴
	法律法规X_9.5	是否包含相应的法律法规以保障家庭照护者权益
政策公开X₁₀	-	是否属于公开发布、可查的政策

Table 2

Table 3

Figure 2

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指标	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	均值
政策性质(X₁)	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.50	0.50	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.70
政策领域(X₂)	0.80	0.60	0.60	0.80	0.60	0.80	0.60	0.80	0.60	0.60	0.68
政策时效(X₃)	1.00	1.00	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.50	1.00	0.83
政策内容(X₄)	0.88	0.38	0.75	0.88	0.63	0.88	0.50	0.75	0.50	0.50	0.67
政策受体(X₅)	0.83	0.83	0.83	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.67	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.90
政策评价(X₆)	0.75	0.75	1.00	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.50	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.83
政策功能(X₇)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.67	0.97
政策工具(X₈)	0.67	0.33	0.67	0.67	0.33	0.67	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.67	0.50
激励约束(X₉)	0.40	0.20	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.40	0.32
政策公开(X₁₀)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
PMC指数	8.08	6.84	7.75	8.25	7.46	7.75	6.05	7.58	6.46	7.59	7.38
政策等级	优秀	可接受	优秀	优秀	优秀	优秀	可接受	优秀	可接受	优秀	—

Research on supportive policies for family caregivers in China: based on PMC index model

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