This article reviewed the literatures on brain plastic reorganization theory, time of treatment, Methods and techniques of rehabilitation treatment, which inclued Bobath, Brunnstrom, Rood, PNF, MRP, biofeedback electrical stimulation therapy, constraint induced movement therapy, nerve muscle electrical stimulation therapy, acupuncture, body weight support treadmill training, motor imagery therapy, robot assisted therapy, and comprehensive rehabilitation therapy. It can provide theory basis and technique for early rehabilitation treatment after stroke.

Objective To establish the nursing care for the patients with pulse steroid therapy, and to investigate its effect. Methods 78 patients who accepted pulse steroid therapy in the past 4 years were analyzed retrospectively, in which, 42 within past 2 years （2008 and 2007) were as pulse steroid nursing care group, and other 36 patients before 2 years (2007 and 2006) were as routine nursing care group. Results 3 weeks after the pulse steroid therapy, in pulse steroid nursing care group, proximal muscle weakness were found in 8 patents, insomnia in 18 patients; while in routine nursing care groups, proximal muscle weakness were found in 16 patents, and insomnia in 25 patients（P<0.05）. Conclusion Pulse steroid nursing care can reduce the incidence of muscle weakness and insomnia after pulse steroid therapy significantly.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common types of disability affecting individuals in Western countries, and the assessment of LBP-related disabilities represents a significant challenge. The disability assessment scales in LBP are commonly used in clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as evaluation system for clinical research, such as Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS). This article focused on the clinical applications, reliability and validity, strength and limitations of these scales, to help the clinical application and scientific research for the LBP disability scale.

Based on some physiological events and two kinds of function, assistive and rehabilitative, brain-computer interface gives real-time, multi-sensor feedbacks to assist hand function, modulating patients' brain signals by the closed loop proprioceptive feedback. It can improve cerebral plasticity and remodeling, that comes a novel approach to hand rehabilitaion after stroke.

The concept of neurovascular units studies the interaction between neural cells and blood vessels, regards the blood-brain barrier as the core, and relates with the neurodegenerative diseases. This paper reviewed the relationship between neurovascular units and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc.

Intestinal flora plays an important role in the process of human health and disease conversion. It not only participates in a number of physiological processes in the host, but also affects the central nervous system (CNS) -related diseases, which may involve in neurotransmitter, immune, endocrine, metabolites, etc. Intestinal dysbacteriosis plays a role in the development of CNS diseases, such as ischemic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and mental disorders, etc. Fecal microbes transplantation, exercise training, acupuncture and Tuina therapy can improve the intestinal flora balance, which may be potential for the treatment and prevention of some nervous system diseases.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have unique efficacy and advantages for treating diseases of central nervous system. In recent years, some researches focused on neural stem cells and neurogenesis. The researches about TCM for influencing neural stem cells biological characteristics and common neurological diseases were reviewed.

Rab27a gene can participate in the secretion, transportation and exocytosis of T lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, pancreatic β cells and hematopoietic cells through its encoded proteins, and participate in the development of diseases such as albinism, cancer, diabetes, inflammation and thrombosis. In addition, the secretion regulation of Rab27a to exosomes has also received much attention. The current research status of the secretion of exosome and the genetically modified exosomes of Rab27a gene in the treatment of diseases such as inflammatory injury, thrombosis and tumor were reviewed.

After retrieving the databases, as well as the official websites of institutes and administrations of physiotherapists, the qualifications, working conditions and career development in different countries, such as United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland and South Africa, were investigated and analyzed, which may give some implication for the improvement of physiotherapists system in China.

Objective To investigate the incidence and structure of mental disability in children with movement disorders. Methods 157 children with movement disorders (103 with cerebral palsy and 54 with mental retardation) were assessed with Gesell developmental schedules,and mental disability was identified as development quotient (DQ)<75. Results The incidence of intelligence disability was 92.2% in children with cerebral palsy, including 91.2% in spastic type, and 100% in dyskinetic, mixed or dystonic type. The development of gross motor was retarded in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and gross and fine motor in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy, compared with those with mental retardation. Conclusion It is important to focus the mental development in children with movement disorders, especially the dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Gesell developmental schedules should be used carefully to assess the mental development in children with movement disorder.

The clinical evaluation methods of facial paralysis can be divided into functional evaluation scales, neuro-electrophysiological tests and computer evaluation systems. The commonly used function evaluation scales include House-Brackmann Grading Scale (HBGS), Burres-Fisch Facial Nerve Scoring System, Nottingham System, Sunnybrook facial grading System (SFGS), Degree of Facial Nerve Paralysis Hierarchical Scale, Facial Disability Index (FDI) and Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale, etc. Neuro-electrophysiological tests mainly consist of facial electromyography (EMG), electroneurography (ENoG), blink reflex (BR), and neural excitatory test (NET), etc. The computer evaluation system based on the sensor is mainly divided into the computer evaluation system based on infrared thermal image technology and the computer evaluation system based on biomedicine image recognition. This article briefly summarized the existing methods of facial paralysis evaluation in terms of sensitivity, stability, accuracy, ease of operation and economics.

Upper limb lymphedema is one of the most common complications secondary to breast cancer surgery. Detailed medical history inquiry, careful physical examination, and precise and objective measurement are indispensable to accurately diagnose and evaluate upper limb lymphedema. The mostly widely used objective assessments include circumference and volume measurement, bioimpedance for detection of fluid state and all kinds of lymphatic system imaging techniques.

Neuromuscular disease (NMD) is a group of hereditary or acquired myopathy typically manifested as motor dysfunction. There is still no consensus in the standardized tools for evaluation of motor function. Among the tools widely used, Motor Function Measure can be used in all kinds of NMD, while North Star Ambulatory Assessment and Performance of the Upper Limb can be for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders and Upper Limb Module for spinal muscular atrophy.

Objective To explore Rehabilitation 2030: international policy and development. Methods Literature review and policy research were used. Results This article analyzed the relationship between Rehabilitation 2030 and United Nation Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs), especially Goal 3, explained the significance of rehabilitation to implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), discussed Rehabilitation 2030 actions in awarenessraising, promotion of universal health coverage and accessibility of rehabilitation, development of governance of rehabilitation to enhance the quality and reduce the expense of rehabilitation, and construction of health information system inclusive to data of functioning and disability, and improvement of research of disability and rehabilitation using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model. Conclusion SDGs can be reached by actions of Rehabilitation 2030.

This paper reviewed the relevant literatures on physical therapy for post-stroke limb spasticity from Chinese Hospital Knowledge Database (CHKD) and PubMed since 2011, and summarized the pathology, examination, physiotherapy strategies and various physiotherapy methods. The physical therapy mainly included physical factor therapy, kinesiotherapy and manipulation therapy. It is necessary to optimize the selection of physical therapy strategies in clinical practice to improve efficiency of rehabilitation.

The exercise prescription in the process of physiotherapy, including exercise intensity, exercise duration, frequency and type of movement, provide a consistent basis for rehabilitation to ensure the safety and efficacy of the treatment.

Micturition is a complicated physiological activity and is controlled by many central pathways. With the application of positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), people can observe the activity of the brain during the course of micturition and urinary continence. This paper will review the physiological micturition and central pathways controlling for micturition.

Objective To study the reliability of the four rating scales which are widely used. Methods 260 consecutive inpatients fromAug. 2007 to Oct. 2008 with white matter lesions were enrolled into the study. Interrater and intrarater reliability of four scales was analyzedby using kappa correlation. Internal consistency was expressed with Cronbach's α. Results All the scales have statistic significant interraterand intrarater reliability. Scale of Ylikoski has the best intrarater reliability and Cranach's α (intrarater reliability, kappa=0.656, P<0.01, Cranach'sα=0.901). Conclusion The four rating scales for white matter lesions have advantage and disadvantage. Disparate rating scales shouldbe used according to purpose of study.

Objective To choose a better version of Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) to assess memory function of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods From April, 2015 to Febrary, 2017, 40 mild TBI patients and 40 healthy people were recruited as TBI group and control group respectively. Both groups completed the Chinese version of RBMT-II first, and 24 hours to 48 hours later, completed the Chinese version of RBMT-III. The raw score of each test and the number of perfect scores and floor performance were scored and compared. Results Compared with the control group, TBI group got lower scores in six subtests of RBMT-II (F>2.131, P<0.05) and twelve subtests of RBMT-III (F>2.035, P<0.05). Administration of the RBMT-III resulted in less participants performing at or near individual subtest's ceiling than RBMT-II, mainly in the picture recognition, face recognition, the line instant memories, the line delay memories, letters delayed recall and orientation date (Z>2.117, P<0.05). Also administration of the RBMT-III resulted in less floor performance than those of RBMT-II, mainly in remembering the name and the appointment (Z>2.138, P<0.05). Conclusion RBMT-III has substantial improvement over the original RBMT-II, as it reduces the problem of ceiling and floor performance and the number of misclassifications.

Objective To constitute the short form of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Methods After selecting 6 subtests by regression, this study was based on the development of the Chinese Version of the 6 Subtests Short Form of WISC-Ⅳ based on the　data derived from the norm sample via the norm method and equation procedure. Results and Conclusion The best structure of the 6 subtests short form of WISC-Ⅳ consists of 6 subtests: similarities, comprehension, block design, matrix reasoning, digit span and coding, in which the reliability and validity were excellent. The results of division for children of intellectual disabilities is close to that of the full Chinese Version of WISC-Ⅳ.

Aging is associated with declines of the muscular strength and cardiorespiratory functions, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities. Frailty is a clinical geriatric syndrome characterized by decreases in the biological functional reserve and resistance to stressors, which puts older individuals at special risk of disability. To counteract the muscular strength and cardiorespiratory functions declines associated with aging, as well as to prevent and treat the frailty syndrome, the strength and endurance training seems to be an effective strategy to improve muscular strength and endurance performance. This article reviewed the exercise prescription in health and frail elderly subjects according to the current situation of the researches about muscular strength and cardiorespiratory function training. Based on the results found, for the healthy older adults, strength training should be performed at moderate- to high-intensity (60%-80% of 1 RM ), and moderate volume (2-3 sets per exercise, 2-3 times/week ). Also, endurance training should be performed at moderate- to high-intensity (60%-85% of VO_2max), and moderat volume (25-40 min). The frail older adults should exercise 2-3 times a week, for 45-60 min. Strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance training components should be incorporated, and strength and balance training should be emphasized.

Spinal cord injury is a catastrophic injury causing lifelong severe disabilities, and poses a great burden to the individuals, families and society. In order to promote the standardization in treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury, the consensus on the evaluation, treatment and rehabilitation of traumatic spinal cord injury was suggested by experts, who came from authoritative multicenter in China. The expert consensus, which formed a standardization process from the first aid clinical treatment to rehabilitation of spinal cord injury, shall give a better practical guide for clinic and rehabilitation physicians.

Dysphagia increases the risks of mortality and palindromia post stroke, and influences the rehabilitation and quality of life. All the patients with stroke need a set of clinical screening, and those positive would accept comprehensive evaluation, both bedside and laboratory. Many approaches have been used for dysphagic rehabilitation, but it is not clear what the best is.

Manual Muscle Testing is a widely used muscle power testing method in rehabilitation practice. Although it's a key content in rehabilitation medicine and rehabilitation therapy, there are some disagreements in lots of books introducing the development and rating system of it. This article reviewed the development of Manual Muscle Testing and different rating systems.