Objective To systematically evaluate robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) on motor function, ambulation and activities of daily living of patients after stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI), and to investigate the clinical value of different robotic technologies and control strategies.

Methods In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2020 and 2024 were identified from databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library and CNKI. The PEDro scale was used to assess methodological quality, and a comprehensive analysis was performed on the therapeutic effects of RAGT on walking ability, balance, lower limb muscle strength and functional independence.

Results Eight RCTs involving 702 participants were included, originating from countries such as China, Italy, India, Turkey and Poland. The population consisted of adult patients with various subtypes of stroke or SCI. These studies were published in journals across geriatric neuroscience, biosciences, medicine and sports science. Interventions involved three categories of lower limb exoskeleton including treadmill-based systems (end-effector and exoskeleton models), overground exoskeletons and specialized joint/platform-based robots. The training frequency was 20 to 45 minutes a time, once to twice a day, one to seven days a week, for a total of two to ten weeks. RAGT might significant improve gait parameters and lower limb muscle strength, though its impact on functional independence was heterogeneous. Adaptive control strategies (e.g., assist-as-needed) proved superior to fixed-parameter modes. Treadmill-based systems (e.g., Lokomat) were well-suited for early-stage rehabilitation, while overground exoskeletons (e.g., EKSO-GT) better facilitated adaptation to real-world environments.

Conclusion RAGT is an effective modality for improving gait and lower limb function of patients with stroke and SCI. The therapeutic outcome is contingent upon personalized setup of the exoskeleton and the implementation of adaptive control strategies. Different adaptive control modes have been developed for the three main types of lower limb exoskeleton. Rehabilitation training should consider the specific lower limb tasks with the robot's corresponding adaptive movement and control modes.

Objective To develop a Chinese expert consensus on comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation awakening therapy for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDoC) using an evidence-based approach.
Methods A core working group for the consensus was established. Combining the latest domestic and international advancements with clinical practice experience, preliminary recommended opinions were formulated focusing on two core topics: comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation for pDoC patients. After two rounds of online and offline expert consultation and discussion, all the final recommended opinions received up to more than 70% of agreement.
Results The development of rehabilitation strategies for pDoC patients should be in team-work, led by rehabilitation physicians, involving physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, nurses, neurologists, internists, nutritionists, social workers, and other professionals. Ten consensus opinions and six recommended treatment parameters were developed for comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation for pDoC patients.
Conclusion The expert consensus on comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation for pDoC patients provides a standardized guidance to promote the standardized management of clinical rehabilitation, and provide references for developing individualized rehabilitation strategies.

Objective To develop an expert consensus on telerehabilitation management for stroke patients using evidence-based methods.

Methods The Delphi method was adopted to form a list of questions and recommended opinions. The GRADE system was used to assess the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. The results of the expert consensus were reported in accordance with the RIGHT checklist.

Results A telerehabilitation medical team composed of rehabilitation physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, psychological therapists and rehabilitation specialist nurses, etc., would provide services for the stroke patients if outpatient rehabilitation and short-term inpatient rehabilitation could not fully meet the needs. A total of 17 consensus opinions were formed covering four domains: overview, scope of application, implementation and management.

Conclusion Expert consensus has been reached on issues related to the standardized implementation of telerehabilitation for stroke patients, which is conducive to improving the quality and safety.

Objective To systematically explore the characteristics of speech, language functioning and adaptation in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) based on framework of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), to construct an integrated system that merges curricula and rehabilitation based on an analysis of the content and functional goals within language-related curriculum standards for Peizhi (special education for children with IDD) schools.

Methods Using the bio-psycho-social model of the ICF, the characteristics of speech and communication disorders in children with IDD were systematically analyzed across the three dimensions of body functions and structures, activities and participation, and environmental factors. A content analysis was conducted on the three core curriculum standards for Peizhi schools issued by the Ministry of Education of China, extracting and summarizing the goals and core content related to linguistic ability development, which were then mapped and coded using the ICF classification system. Guided by the ICF's functioning-oriented principles, these curriculum goals were integrated with evidence-based rehabilitation strategies to construct a comprehensive curriculum and rehabilitation interventions that included assessment, goal setting, curriculum module design and intervention strategies.

Results For the speech and language functioning in children with IDD, at the body functions level, impairments were identified in areas such as mental functions of language (b167) and articulation (b320); at the activities and participation level, limitations manifested as significant difficulties in communication (d3) and interpersonal interactions (d7); and environmental factors (e.g., family support, e310; educational services, e585) impacted on functional performance and adaptation. Main curriculum standards of China related to language functioning for Peizhi schools addressed three domains respectively: body functions (Rehabilitation Training Curriculum Standard), communication skills [Living Language (Chinese) Curriculum Standard], and social participation and environment (the Life Adaptation Curriculum Standard). Together, they constructed a standardized system for educational curricula and rehabilitation interventions for children's speech and language functioning.

Conclusion The speech therapy, the courses of Chinese language and adaptation are the complex and multidimensional processes. Based on the theoretical framework of the ICF's bio-psycho-social model, this study systematically integrates China's Living Language (Chinese), Rehabilitation Training, and Life Adaptation curriculum standards to construct a speech rehabilitation program and a language ability curriculum oriented by the children's speech, language functioning and adaptation, which emphasizes a process beginning with functional assessment, grounded in real-life contexts, and actualized through interdisciplinary collaboration, to provide individualized, multimodal and evidence-based education, rehabilitation interventions and support for every child with special needs. By implementing the integrated rehabilitation interventions and language-related curriculum system, it enhances children's speech, language functioning and adaptation, promotes their functional communication, empowers their communication activities and social participation, and improves their social adaptation and overall development.

Objective To evaluate the effect of physical activity interventions on anxiety in children and adolescents (aged four to 19 years), as well as the potential impact of modalities, dosages and population factors on outcomes.

Methods Following PRISMA and PRIOR guidelines, systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2019 and 2025 that examined the relationship between physical activity and anxiety in children and adolescents were retrieved. The methodological quality of the included literature was assessed using AMSTAR 2, and the evidence was synthesized through a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Results A total of seven articles were included, among which four were of high quality, two were of moderate quality, and one was of low quality. Regular physical activity was found to reduce anxiety levels in children and adolescents, with a moderate effect size (SMD = -0.39 to -0.54). Resistance training and low-intensity exercise may be more effective. Evidence was insufficient and contradictory for optimal physical activity dosage.

Conclusion Physical activity is a promising, safe and accessible non-pharmacological strategy that can be used for the prevention and auxiliary treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents.

Objective To investigate the effect of unilateral or bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on post-stroke dysphagia.

Methods From February, 2023 to March, 2025, 27 stroke patients with dysphagia and nasal feeding in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were randomly divided into healthy side stimulation group, bilateral stimulation group and sham stimulation group, with nine cases in each group. All the groups received conventional swallowing training and tDCS, while the healthy side stimulation group stimulated on the healthy side of oropharyngeal cortex; and the bilateral stimulation group alternatively stimulated bilateral oropharyngeal cortex, with one hour interval between bilateral stimulation; the sham stimulation group stimulated the healthy side of oropharyngeal cortex for 30 seconds and then stop. The course lasted two weeks. The scores of Standard Swallowing Function Assessment Scale (SSA), Modified Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MMASA) and Rosenbek Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) were compared before and after treatment.

Results The intra-group effect (F= 16.185, P< 0.01) was significant in the scores of SSA, the intra-group effect (F = 28.650, P< 0.01) and interaction effect (F = 3.453, P< 0.01) were significant in the scores of MMASA, and there was no significant difference in the inter-group effect, intra-group effect and interaction effect in the scores of PAS (P> 0.05). Post hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in the scores of SSA, MMASA and PAS among three groups (P> 0.05). There was significant difference in the score difference of MMASA before and after treatment among three groups (F = 4.698, P< 0.05). Post hoc test showed that the score difference of MMAS was more in the healthy side stimulation group than in the bilateral stimulation group and the sham stimulation group (P< 0.05), with no significant difference between the bilateral stimulation group and the sham stimulation group (P> 0.05).

Conclusion tDCS can partly improve post-stroke dysphagia. The healthy side anode stimulation is superior to the alternating bilateral hemisphere anode stimulation.

Objective To systematically analyze the cross-sectoral health policy frameworks and strategic priorities of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), European Union (EU), and China in promoting college students' physical activity, adolescent health and mental health, to explore the ways integrating physical activity-related health policies with the polices of college students health and quality physical education.

Methods Based on WHO's health promotion framework and with reference to the "Health in All Policies" (HiAP) approach, a content analysis was conducted on health-related policies of WHO, UNESCO, EU and China.

Results In the health sector, the international community established a policy system centered on health promotion and the governance concept of HiAP. WHO's Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 and related strategies on mental health identified physical activity as a core measure to promote both physical and mental health. The EU's recommendations on Health-Enhancing Physical Activity provided a scheme for translating global strategies into monitorable cross-sectoral regional actions. China's national strategies, such as Healthy China 2030 Planning Outline and Integration of Sports and Education demonstrated strong advantages in policy mobilization and resource allocation, with distinct focuses compared to international frameworks in terms of policy systematicity, participatory implementation and evaluation orientation. In the education sector, international policies emphasized the integration of health promotion and education, evolving from ensuring Physical Education Hours to promoting Quality Physical Education and Physical Literacy. Through the frameworks like Kazan Action Plan and Health Promoting Universities represented by Okanagan Charter, campus sports was elevated to a level of serving sustainable development and promoting overall well-being. China's National Fitness Program (2021-2025) and Basic Standards for Physical Education in Higher Education Institutions provided specific implementation plans for such integration.

Conclusion For the cross-sectoral issue of college students physical activity and health, the international community has constructed an integrated policy framework based on health promotion, integrating policies on physical activity, adolescent health and mental health, to establish a more comprehensive, systematic and inclusive path. In higher education, the trend of integrating health and education policies is significant; physical activity is no longer regarded as an isolated issue in physical education, but as a key cross-cutting strategy and policy to address non-communicable diseases, improve mental health, promote the holistic development of youth, and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. China should, on the basis of Integration of Sports and Education, further expand HiAP-based cross-sectoral collaboration in accordance with health promotion principles; policy goals should not only focus on physical fitness standards, but also consider intrinsic interest, enjoyable experience and lifelong habit formation; and actively draw on the holistic systems perspective of Health Promoting Universities to build a supportive campus health promotion ecosystem that facilitates the comprehensive physical and mental development of every student.

Objective To compare the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on gait and balance for stroke patients.

Methods From December, 2023 to December, 2024, 96 patients with post-stroke gait and balance dysfunction were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, and randomly divided into control group (n= 32), MICT group (n= 32) and HIIT group (n= 32). The control group received routine comprehensive rehabilitation therapy, while MICT and HIIT groups received additional respective training, for four weeks. They were measured with symmetry indexes (SI) of mean pressure and footprint area during eyes-open and eyes-closed condition, as well as anterior-posterior and medial-lateral displacement of the center of mass, before and after treatment; while they were assessed with Berg Balance Scale (BBS), distance of 6-minute walk test (6MWT), time of Timed Up & Go test (TUGT) and 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremities (FMA-LE).

Results The main effects of time (F> 351.683, P< 0.001) and groups (F> 4.945, P< 0.05), and the interaction effects (F> 16.919, P< 0.001) were significant for BBS scores, distance of 6MWT, time of TUGT and 10MWT, and FMA-LE scores; and all the indicators were better in MICT group and HIIT group than in the control group (P < 0.05) after treatment, and they were better in HIIT group than in MICT group (P < 0.05) except BBS score. Under eyes-open condition, the main effects of time (F > 64.684, P < 0.001) and groups (F > 9.472, P < 0.001), and the interaction effects (F > 10.562, P < 0.001) were significant for SI of mean pressure and footprint area, and anterior-posterior and medial-lateral displacement of the center of mass; and all the indicators were better in MICT group and HIIT group than in the control group (P < 0.001) after treatment, and they were better in HIIT group than in MICT group (P < 0.05). Under eyes-closed condition, the main effects of time (F > 107.730, P < 0.001) and groups (F > 4.275, P < 0.05), and the interaction effects (F > 7.985, P < 0.05) were significant for SI of mean pressure and footprint area, and anterior-posterior and medial-lateral displacement of the center of mass; and SI of mean pressure was better in HIIT group than in MICT group (P < 0.05), the other indicators were better in MICT group and HIIT group than in the control group (P < 0.001) after treatment.

Conclusion Both HIIT and MICT can improve gait and balance for stroke patients, and HIIT is more effective on gait and static balance with eyes open, but similar on static balance with eyes closed.

Objective To explore the changes in task-state brain region activation of stroke patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the treatment of upper limb motor function with brain-computer interfaces (BCI).

Methods From April to October, 2024, 40 stroke patients in Linyi People's Hospital were randomly divided into control group and BCI group, with 20 cases in each group. Both groups received conventional rehabilitation therapy. The control group underwent low-frequency electrotherapy before conventional treatment, while BCI group received BCI therapy before conventional treatment, for four weeks. Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and modified Barthel Index were used to evaluate the upper limbs motor function before and after treatment. A "wrist movement task" was designed to detect the level of oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂) in the regions of interest (ROI) during the task.

Results After treatment, the scores of MBI and FMA-UE increased in both groups (|t| > 8.904, P< 0.001), and were higher in BCI group than in the control group (|t| > 2.584, P < 0.05). The HbO₂ level in the premotor cortex/supplementary motor area (PMC/SMA) increased after treatment in BCI group (t = -3.965, P < 0.01), and was higher in BCI group than in the control group (t = -3.630, P < 0.01). The difference of HbO₂ level in PMC/SMA before and after treatment correlated with both the difference of MBI score (r = 0.498, P < 0.05) and the difference of FMA-UE score (r = 0.799, P < 0.001).

Conclusion BCI can further improve the upper limb motor function of stroke patients on the basis of conventional treatment and enhance the cortical activation of PMC/SMA.

Objective To examine the effect and electrophysiological mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) augmentated to group cognitive training (GCT) on children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comorbided with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods From March to December, 2023, 70 children diagnosed with ASD+ADHD were recruited from the Affiliated Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and partnering special education centers. They were randomly divided into control group (n = 35) and experimental group (n = 35). Both groups received standardized GCT, twice a week, for ten weeks. During the same period, the control group received sham stimulation, while the experimental group additionally received 1 Hz rTMS over the right temporoparietal junction at 80% of resting motor threshold, five times a week, for ten weeks. Core symptoms were assessed before and after treatment with the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2), Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) and Conners Parent Rating Scale-3 (CPRS-3) attention-deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales. Resting-state EEG was simultaneously recorded to obtain θ and β power spectral density (PSD) and the θ/β ratio at Fz, Cz and Pz.

Results Two cases in the control group and one in the experimental group dropped down. After treatment, SRS-2 scores (|Z| > 4.876, P < 0.001) and RBS-R scores (|Z| > 4.329, P< 0.001) decreased in both groups. CPRS-3 attention-deficit scores (|Z| > 4.940, P < 0.001) and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores (|t| > 16.273, P < 0.001) decreased in both groups, and they were lower in the experimental group (Z = 4.732, P < 0.001; t = -3.169, P < 0.01). In the experimental group, Fz θ-PSD decreased significantly (Z = -4.830, P < 0.001), and it was lower than that in the control group (Z = -2.609, P = 0.009); and the θ/β ratio likewise fell (t = 4.754, P < 0.001), and it was lower than that in the control group (t = -2.256, P = 0.027).

Conclusion Adding rTMS to GCT can further alleviate attention deficits and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in children with ASD comorbided with ADHD, which may associate with the inhibit of power of θ wave in profrontal contex.

Objective To compare the effect between unilateral and bilateral upper limb training on motor function of severely hemiplegic upper limbs in subacute stroke patients after priming robot-assisted training.

Methods From September, 2023 to December, 2024, 60 inpatients with hemiplegia after stroke were recruited from Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, and randomly divided into control group (n = 30) and experimental group (n = 30). Both groups first received 30 minutes of upper limb robot-assisted training. Subsequently, the control group received movement-based unilateral upper limb training for 30 minutes, while the experimental group received activity-based bilateral upper limb training for 30 minutes, for three weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Hong Kong version of the Functional Test for the Hemiplegic Upper Extremity (FTHUE-HK) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment.

Results The scores of FMA-UE, FTHUE-HK and MBI improved in both groups after treatment (t > 4.020, P < 0.01), and all the scores were better in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.456, P < 0.05).

Conclusion Activity-based bilateral upper limb training after priming robot-assisted training is more effective on motor function of severely hemiplegic upper limbs in stroke patients.

Objective To review cognitive neuroscience paradigms and advances in physical activity and brain health in children.

Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CNKI and Wanfang Data was conducted for randomized controlled trials, systematic review and meta-analysis investigating physical activity intervention for children's brain health, with publication during from inception to May, 2024. Data extraction and scoping review were performed, with literature quality assessed using PEDro scale and AMSTAR 2.

Results A total of six studies were included, involving 1 363 healthy children aged five to 16.8 years from China, the United States, New Zealand and Australia. The primary outcome measures included brain structure, brain function and neural network patterns assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Long-term structured physical activity was effective on children's brain health, including enhancing the integrity of white matter microstructure, optimizing task-related activation patterns in brain regions and improving the organizational properties of functional brain networks. Children who received physical activity interventions exhibited more refined and optimized developmental trends in their cortical neural circuit patterns.

Conclusion Physical activity can improve structure and function of the brains of children.

Objective To analyze the application trends and research hotspots of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology in stroke rehabilitation over the past five years.

Methods Relevant literatures on the use of BCI in stroke rehabilitation published between January, 2021 and August, 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace 6.4.R1 was used for visualization analysis.

Results A total of 458 papers were included. The annual number of publications remained at a high level. China was the leading country in publication output, with Fudan University and Aalborg University as the top institutions. The most prolific author was Mads R. Jochumsen, while G. Pfurtscheller had the highest citation frequency. The keywords and burst terms with the highest frequency in this field were brain-computer interface, motor imagery, upper limb and deep learning.

Conclusion Over the past five years, research on BCI in stroke rehabilitation has maintained a high publication volume. The research hotspots focus on innovations in BCI algorithm technology and multidimensional validation of neural mechanisms and rehabilitation efficacy.

Objective To explore the characteritics of spontaneous brain functional activities for patients with hand dysfunction after ischemic stroke using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).

Methods From August, 2024 to June, 2025, 23 patients with hand dysfunction after ischemic stroke were as patients group, and ten age-matched healthy adults were recruited as healthy control group. The patients group was assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and modified Lindmark Scale. All subjects underwent rs-fMRI examinations, and the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF), fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) were compared between two groups. The resting state functional network was constructed based on independent component analysis, and the functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed. The rs-fMRI indicators of the patients and the clinical scale scores were analyzed.

Results Compared with the healthy control group, the zALFF value decreased in the precentral gyrus (P < 0.05, FWE corrected) in the patient group, as well as the values of zfALFF in Cerebelum-Crus2-R (P < 0.05, FWE corrected), and ReHo values in the putamen (P < 0.05, corrected by Alpha Sim). FC of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFGoperc.R) in the executive control network enhanced (P < 0.05, Alpha Sim corrected), while FC of the middle occipital gyrus (MOG.L) in the dorsal attention network (DAN) weakened (P < 0.05, Alpha Sim corrected). There was a positive correlation between FC of MOG.L in the patient's DAN and the scores of FMA-UE (r = 0.439, P = 0.036), WMFT (r = 0.516, P =0.012), and modified Lindmark Scales (r = 0.425, P = 0.043).

Conclusion The resting state spontaneous activity of some brain areas of the cerebrum, cerebellum and basal ganglia is reduced in patients with hand dysfunction after ischemic stroke, and some brain network connections are abnormal. FC of MOG.L may serve as an objective imaging marker for evaluating hand dysfunction.

Objective To design a practice courses and competency-oriented training in rehabilitation psychology, in response to the demands of team-based and interprofessional practices for professionals, based on World Health Organization rehabilitation competency framework (RCF).

Methods Using the five core domains of RCF (practice, professionalism, learning and development, management and leadership, and research), this study analyzed the competencies and role positioning of undergraduate rehabilitation psychology students within team-based and interprofessional rehabilitation settings. It identifies the core competencies needed in these contexts and corresponding practical teaching approaches, to enhance students' ability to translate disciplinary knowledge into team-based and interprofessional practice competencies in real-world rehabilitation scenarios.

Results The study yielded a competency-oriented practical curriculum structured around the teamwork and interprofessional practice requirements for rehabilitation psychology professionals. Based on RCF, we defined specific core competencies and developed a curricular framework incorporating pedagogical methods such as integrated assessments based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, motivational interviewing, case study analysis, and standardized patient simulations. These methods are designed to build student proficiency in team communication, collaborative decision-making, case management and evidence-based practice.

Conclusion In undergraduate rehabilitation psychology education, developing competency-based practical courses targeting team-based and interprofessional service competencies, which grounded in RCF, can enhance the quality and efficiency of talent cultivation in the field. It also helps improve students' capabilities in collaborative and interprofessional practice. RCF provides a theoretical foundation, practical tools, and reference frameworks for building competency-oriented curricula and instructional methods in rehabilitation psychology.

Objective To analyze the physical activity and health-related policies and guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) issued by international organizations and countries, including World Health Organization (WHO), European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia and China.

Methods A content analysis and a comparative study were conducted to examine physical activity-related policies and guidelines at international and national levels.

Results International organizations and countries all recognized physical activity as a key measure for preventing and controlling T2DM and improving population health. WHO established clear global targets and monitoring indicators. The United States, Canada and Australia closely integrated community interventions, healthcare incentives and structured exercise programs, while China combined national fitness initiatives with public health services. International T2DM-related exercise guidelines recommended > 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week combined with resistance training.

Conclusion At both international and national levels, T2DM-related physical activity and health policies aim to increase participation in physical activity, improve population health, and effectively reduce the incidence and mortality of chronic diseases such as T2DM. Guidelines emphasize a multidisciplinary collaboration model to enhance practical applicability, implementation effectiveness and the sustainability of health-related physical activity. Future development priorities will include establishing personalized physical activity programs for T2DM based on individual needs, and building an integrated health-related service system that combines physical activity, community health, chronic disease management and digital technologies.

Objective To rexplore the content structure characteristics and psychometric properties of assessment scales for fundamental movement skills (FMS) in school-aged children, based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) framework.
Methods Literatures on assessment scales for FMS in school-aged children were retrieved from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBase, PsycINFO, CNKI and Wanfang data from inception to July, 2025. The contents of the included scales were analyzed using the ICF-CY linking rule. The COSMIN RoB tool was used to assess the psychometric properties of the scales, and the GRADE system was applied to evaluate the overall quality of evidence.
Results A total of 29 studies were included, involving six assessment scales: Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2), Canadian Assessment of Movement Skill and Agility (CAMSA), Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), Motorische Basiskompetenzen test Battery (MOBAK), and Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3). In the ICF-CY linking analysis, all six tools addressed joint mobility functions (b710) and joint stability functions (b715), while five of them also involved hand and arm use (d445). The number of linked items ranged from 5 to 11. BOT-2 and TGMD-3 linked to 11 items, showing broad coverage; BOT-2 focused more on the body function dimension, whereas TGMD-3 emphasized activity and participation dimensions, especially the performance of hand function in daily activities. In bias risk assessment, TGMD-3 showed the lowest risk (50% rated A and 50% rated B), while MABC-2 had the highest proportion of C ratings (55.6%), followed by BOT-2 (33.3%). In evidence grading, TGMD-3 was rated high quality, KTK moderate, BOT-2 and CAMSA low, and MABC-2 and MOBAK very low.
Conclusion TGMD-3 is recommended as the primary tool for assessing FMS in school-aged children for broad coverage of ICF-CY items, strong psychometric properties and high evidence quality. KTK, with moderate evidence quality, may serve as a secondary option, but should be used cautiously in China. Although CAMSA is easy to administer, its validity and reliability are low, so it is only suitable for rapid classroom screening. BOT-2, despite covering more ICF-CY items, has a higher bias risk and low evidence quality. MOBAK and MABC-2 have very low evidence quality and are not recommended for current use.