Objective To explore the framework, core content and strategic action of international policies concerning the digital empowerment of physical activity and health among children with disabilities.

Methods Employing the World Health Organization (WHO) health service system's six building blocks as a theoretical basis, this study conducted a systematic content analysis of core policy documents issued by key international organizations including the WHO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). These documents cover topics related to digital empowerment, artificial intelligence, digital health, physical activity and health, high-quality physical education, and inclusive education. The analysis aimed to identify the international policy framework, core content and strategic action related to the digital empowerment of physical activity and health for children with disabilities.

Results The policy framework for digital empowerment of physical activity and health in children with disabilities encompasses six key areas, aligned with the WHO health service system's six building blocks: service provision, health workforce, health information systems, medical products and technology, health financing, leadership and digital governance. Key strategic actions for implementing digital empowerment include strengthening legal and policy support to enhance digital governance capabilities, establishing cross-sectoral collaboration mechanisms, fostering continuous innovation in digital technology, building a comprehensive service system for digital empowerment in physical activity and health, establishing and enforcing relevant technological and ethical standards, promoting digital community inclusion, and improving the monitoring and quality control of services related to physical activity and health for children with disabilities.

Conclusion Based on the WHO health service system's six building blocks, this study provides a detailed analysis of international policies from WHO, UNESCO, ITU and UNICEF, and constructs a comprehensive policy framework for the digital empowerment of physical activity and health in children with disabilities. It highlights the core contents and main strategic actions necessary for policy development and the application of digital technologies in the field of physical activity and health for children with disabilities. The findings underscore the importance of national and local policy development of digital empowerment technologies to support the physical activity and health of children with disabilities.

Objective To explore the weights and comprehensive indices of each field of intrinsic capacity of old adults, and the correlation between intrinsic capacity and activities of daily living (ADL).
Methods The data of 5 506 cases aged more than 60 years in the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used to collect the assessment of intrinsic capacity and the measurement of ADL. The assessment of intrinsic capacity included cognition, motor, vitality, sensory and psychology; while the ADL scale included six indicators, namely dressing, bathing, eating, getting in or out of bed, going to the toilet, and controlling urine and feces.
Results A total of 1 343 cases were limited in ADL (24.4%). Women, lower education level, older age, the widowed, greater number of chronic diseases, and poorer self-rated health were the factors more likely to be limited in ADL. Principal component analysis showed that the largest weight value was in psychological domain, followed by the cognitive domain, and the lowest weight value was in the motor domain. After controlling for the effects of age, gender, living environment, economic income, education level, marriage, smoking and drinking, number of chronic diseases, and self-rated health, the Logistic regression analysis showed that low exercise capacity (OR = 0.581, 95%CI 0.501 to 0.674), depression (OR = 0.426, 95%CI 0.368 to 0.493), audile and visual impairment (OR = 0.813, 95%CI 0.699 to 0.947; OR = 0.684, 95%CI 0.578 to 0.809), overweight (OR = 1.203, 95%CI 1.014 to 1.428) and obesity (OR = 1.584, 95%CI 1.312 to 1.912) were independent risk factors for ADL limitation in older adults.
Conclusion Decrease of intrinsic capacity is a predictor for ADL limitation in older adults.

Objective To systematically review the effect of neurofeedback training on cognitive function in the elderly within the framework of the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11), and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).
Methods A PICO framework was constructed. Randomized controlled trials on neurofeedback training for cognitive function in the elderly from PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, and CNKI up to July, 2023 were systematically reviewed. Methodological quality assessment of the included literature was performed using Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.
Results A total of 15 researches were included, from ten countries, involving 520 participants, who were healthy elderly individuals or those with mild cognitive impairment. Various neurofeedback waveforms were utilized, such as alpha, beta, theta, beta/alpha, and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) waves. Intervention duration ranged from 20 to 90 minutes, with intervention frequencies spanning from a long-term intervention of 30 sessions over 12 weeks to a high-frequency short-term intervention of eight sessions over one week. The primary health outcomes focused on cognitive function, including memory, attention, inhibitory control and executive function.
Conclusion Neurofeedback training can improve the cognitive function of the eldery, and alleviate cognitive aging.

Objective To explore the current status and frontier hotspots of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the field of stroke.

Methods Relevant literature on stroke and fNIRS from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched from its inception to July, 2023. VOSviewer, CiteSpace and Scimago were utilized for analysis of publication output, countries (regions) and institutions, international collaboration, co-cited references, co-occurring keywords and burst keywords.

Results A total of 379 articles were included. The research activity in this field showed an overall upward trend with slight fluctuations in the early stage. Among the top five institutions by publication output, four were from China. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that Beihang University and Boston Children's Hospital were central in collaboration networks. This study involved 1 787 authors, with 120 core authors, in which the top five most cited authors were Li Zengyong, Li Wenhao, Huo Congcong, Dou Zulin and Song Ying. The publications in this field were primarily concentrated in disciplines such as neurology, psychiatry, ophthalmology and clinical medicine. Overlay visualization of journal co-citation networks demonstrated associations between medical, clinical, and neurology disciplines with psychology, education, and sociology. Co-occurrence and clustering analysis of keywords indicated research emphasis on stroke rehabilitation, integration of multiple technical modalities, and exploration of innovative training strategies and brain activation connectivity. The research evolution of fNIRS in the stroke domain revealed initial use of photodiode devices for cerebral ischemia reperfusion monitoring. Subsequent studies refined cortical activation through improved laser sources, avalanche photodiodes, single-task experimental designs and transcranial direct current stimulation. Later, research extended to whole-brain detection, multimodal stimulation and the combination of virtual reality technology with audiovisual stimulation, resulting in significantly enhanced brain activation. The application of brain-computer interface technology further facilitated direct restoration of motor function.

Conclusion Researches in the field of stroke using fNIRS technology overall demonstrat a continuous upward trend. The researches focuse on post-stroke rehabilitation, integrating multimodal fusion, brain-computer interfaces, virtual reality, and sensory stimulation for real-time monitoring and personalized neurorehabilitation training strategies. It emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, expanding innovative research and the application of new technologies.

Objective To systematically review the effects of psychosocial support-related activities on mental health of older adults.
Methods Randomized controlled trails (RCTs) on mental health benefits for older adults were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI, until August, 2022. A systematic review was conducted.
Results Seven RCTs were included, from Spain, Chile, Canada, Finland, the United Kingdom, South Korea and the United States, mainly from psychiatry, mental health of the elderly and other journals, published after 2017. The subjects aged 60 to 80 years, accounting to 1 258 cases. Psychosocial interventions included Pilates, mindfulness, behavioral activation, cognitive stimulation, daily difficult problem solving training, pain and depression symptom management, health education and guidance, nursing coordination, group exercise (such as circuit training, pedal training or rubber band training), and water sports, etc. The frequency of intervention was 30 to 120 minutes a time, one to nine times a week, and the intensity of the intervention was low to high intensity for four to 64 weeks. Intervention sites included sports venues, community health centres, ageing services, and intervention staff included sports therapists (yoga), psychologists, health professionals, community health services, and health care workers. All interventions were carried out under supervision. The benefits of psychosocial intervention on the mental health of the older adults mainly reflected in the improving cognitive function and self-efficacy, reducing anxiety and depression, improving depressed mood or loneliness, improving sleep quality, increasing sense of social integration and relieving pain and other problems.
Conclusion Mental health interventions (psychological interventions or support, social interventions or support, psychosocial interventions) and mental health-related interventions (physical activity interventions) benefit older people's mental health, including improving cognitive function, alleviating anxiety and depression, improving sleep quality, and improving quality of life and well-being.

Objective To analyze the disease and functioning characteristics of older adults with sarcopenia, the main exercise rehabilitation interventions, and its health benefits.

Methods Literature related to exercise rehabilitation for older adults with sarcopenia was searched in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and CNKI, from 2013 to 2023. The quality of included systematic reviews were evaluated. ICD-11 and ICF classification systems, and PICO framework from PRISMA guideline were used to report characteristics of the disease and functioning of the population, the exercise rehabilitation interventions, and its health benefits.

Results Finally, seven systematic reviews from Netherlands, Spain, China, Brazil and Mexico were included, covering 98 related randomized controlled trials, involving 19 794 participants. These systematic reviews mainly came from the journals in the fields of aging, rehabilitation, nutrition, public health and physical exercise, and were published between 2018 and 2023. Exercise rehabilitation for sarcopenia were categorized into three types: exercise rehabilitation, exercise rehabilitation combined with nutritional supplementation, and exercise rehabilitation combined with nursing care. Interventions primarily included aerobic training, resistance training, gait training, strength training, and balance and flexibility exercises. The intervention frequency was six to 150 minutes, one to five times a week, with intensities ranging from low to high, over a duration of six to 144 weeks. The health benefits for older adults with sarcopenia from exercise rehabilitation were reflected in improvement in physical function and structure, and enhancement in activity and participation. In terms of body function and structure, exercise rehabilitation improved muscle strength, control, coordination, gait, balance, leg extension, leg press, back strength and grip strength, and increased muscle quality. In terms of activity and participation, exercise rehabilitation improved physical activity performance, such as walking speed and time of five-repetition chair stand test.

Conclusion Exercise rehabilitation for sarcopenia includes exercise rehabilitation, exercise rehabilitation combined with nutritional supplementation, and exercise rehabilitation combined with nursing care. Exercise rehabilitation can improve the physical function and structure, and enhance activity and participation.

Objective Based on the International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11) and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), systematic reviews about the effects of different types of exercise rehabilitation and related interventions on body structure and function, activity and participation, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) were systematically reviewed.

Methods Systematic reviews of exercise rehabilitation and health benefits in patients with spinal cord injury were searched from PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science and CNKI, from January, 2015 to January, 2023.

Results Eight English articles were included, from Canada, the United States, South Korea, Australia, Brazil and Netherlands, derived from the fields of physical medicine and rehabilitation, neuromedicine and rehabilitation, and exercise intervention, with the publication date mainly concentrated from 2015 to 2021. A total of 165 randomized controlled trials were involved, with 2 746 participants, aged 18 to 65 years. The diseases were mainly spinal cord injury (complete or incomplete), quadriplegia, paraplegia (thoracic, lumbar and sacral injuries), and motor neuron injury (upper and lower). There were three main types of interventions: passive intervention, using sports assistive devices, such as powered exoskeleton-assisted robots, electric bicycles, etc., and functional electrical stimulation; active interventions, such as stepping exercises; training on flat ground, outdoor walking, and activities of daily living; mixed intervention (active & passive), such as combination of exercise and functional electrical stimulation, combination of exercise and motor assistive devices. The frequency of intervention was ten to 240 minutes a time, two to 18 times a week, with the intensity of low to vigorous, for one to 456 weeks. The intervention sites mainly involved families, community health service centers and sports venues. The health impact mainly involved improving cardiovascular and increasing blood flow velocity in the legs; improving musculoskeletal structure, as well as muscle strength, tolerance and flexibility; relieving spasms and improving reflex excitability of the nervous system; increasing gait speed and walking distance; improving functional independence, such as bowel regularity; improving physical health, such as reducing spasticity and drug use (e.g., baclofen), increasing the immune response to infection, and reducing the risk of disease (vascular dementia and respiratory disease); and improving psychological condition.

Conclusion Based on ICD-11 and ICF, this study constructed a research framework for active or passive exercise rehabilitation and related interventions in patients with spinal cord injury. Patients with spinal cord injury can improve their body structure and function, increase their activity and participation, and improve their quality of life and well-being through passive interventions (using motor assistive devices, functional electrical stimulation), active interventions (such as stepping exercises, outdoor walking, etc.), and mixed interventions (combining exercise and functional electrical stimulation, exercise and sports assistive devices).

Objective To investigate the developmental characteristics of gross motor skills and executive functions, and the correlation between them in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods From November, 2020 to May, 2021, 90 children with ADHD were recruited from Peking University Sixth Hospital and Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School, and other 90 children with normal development from this primary school were recruited matched their age and gender. Gross motor skills were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development in Children, Third Edition (TGMD-3), and inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed with Stroop Color Words Test (SCWT), Rey-Osterrich Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) and Trail Making Test (TMT), respectively.

Results The TGMD-3 score was significantly lower in children with ADHD than in normal children (t = -6.275, P < 0.001), while the test results of SCWT, ROCFT and TMT were worse (|t| ≥ 1.986, P ≤ 0.05). The TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was negatively correlated with the word sense reaction time (r= -0.261), the number of word sense errors (r = -0.404) and the number of color errors (r = -0.326) (P < 0.05), positively correlated with the delayed structural memory scores (r= 0.228) (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the TMT-A reaction time (r = -0.255), the number of TMT-A errors (r = -0.329), TMT-B reaction time (r = -0.214) and the number of TMT-B errors (r = -0.474) (P < 0.05). Stratified linear regression analyses showed that the TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was significant only in predicting test results for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (P < 0.05), with explanations of 8.7% and 22.5%, respectively.

Conclusion Developments of both gross motor skills and executive function delay in children with ADHD, and there is a relation between them, especially the level of gross motor skills relating to the developments of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.

Objective To investigate the effect of modified Baduanjin exercise, as an rehabilitation exercise, on cardiopulmonary function, motor function and activities of daily living in patients with stroke.

Methods From January to September, 2023, 42 stroke patients in the Nanjing Qixia District Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 21) and experimental group (n = 21). The control group received routine rehabilitation, and the experimental group received modified Baduanjin exercise in addition, for four weeks. They were assessed with peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), anaerobic threshold (AT), peak oxygen pulse (VO_2peak/HR), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁), peak expiratory flow (PEF), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-upper extremities (FMA-UE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after intervention.

Results VO_2peak, AT, and the scores of FMA-UE, BBS and MBI improved in the control group after intervention (|t| > 2.256, |Z| > 2.936, P < 0.05); while VO_2peak, AT, VO_2peak/HR, FVC, FEV₁, PEF, and the scores of FMA-UE, BBS and MBI improved in the experimental group (|t| > 4.390, |Z| > 3.451, P < 0.001); and all the indexes were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 4.136，|Z| > 2.751，P < 0.01), except the scores of BBS and MBI.

Conclusion Modified Baduanjin exercise can improve the cardiopulmonary function and upper limb motor function for stroke patients.

Objective To conduct a systematic review of systematic reviews of the effect of preoperative prerehabilitation training on postoperative function of patients after total knee arthroplasty.

Methods The systematic reviews and meta-analysis about the application of preoperative prerehabilitation training after total knee arthroplasty were retrieved from Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Wanfang Data, CNKI and VIP database, from establishment to March 10th, 2023. The methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR. The meta-analysis of the reseaches without repetitive content was performed using RevMan 5.3.

Results A total of ten systematic reviews/meta analyses were included. Compared with the routine rehabilitation, preoperative prerehabilitation training might decrease the scores of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (MD = -1.34, 95%CI -1.94 to -0.74, P < 0.001), and Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score (MD = -1.04, 95%CI -1.69 to -0.40, P = 0.001), shorten the length of hospital stay (MD = -1.01, 95%CI -1.66 to -0.36, P = 0.002), and enhance muscle strength three months after operation (SMD = 0.63, 95%CI 0.30 to 0.97, P < 0.001).

Conclusion Preoperative prerehabilitation training can improve postoperative knee function, enhance muscle strength three months after operation, and shorten length of hospital stay for the patients after total knee arthroplasty.

Objective To explore the effect of intervention based on theory of planned behavior on muscle attenuation and balance of the elderly with sarcopenia.
Methods From September, 2022 to February, 2023, 124 elderly people with sarcopenia were conveniently sampled from Lishuiwan Community and Shuxiangyuan Community in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province. According to the coin toss, 62 elderly people from Shuxiangyuan Community were designated as control group, and 62 elderly people from Lishuiwan Community were as intervention group. The intervention group implemented the intervention based on the theory of planned behavior, including behavior attitude, behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavior control and behavior awareness; the control group maintained their original lifestyle, for twelve weeks. Before and after intervention, the grip strength, time of Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test, relative appendicular skeletal muscle index (RASM), 6-minute walking speed and the score of Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were compared.
Results After intervention, the grip strength, RASM, 6-minute walking speed, and the score of BBS significantly increased, and the time of Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test shortened in the intervention group (|Z| > 6.257, |t| > 28.643, P < 0.001), and they were better in the intervention group than in the control group (|Z| > 2.288, |t| > 3.177, P < 0.05).
Conclusion The intervention based on theory of planned behavior can effectively relieve the muscle attenuation of the elderly with sarcopenia, and improve their balance ability.

Objective To explore the effect of core stability training on dynamic balance and surface electromyography (sEMG) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and to analyze the correlation between balance index and sEMG.
Methods From March to December, 2022, 32 patients with ACLR in Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University were randomly divided into control group (n = 16) and experimental group (n = 16). The control group accepted routine rehabilitation treatment, and the experimental group added core stability training, for six weeks. They were evaluated with American Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score (HSS) and International Knee Documentation Committee Knee Score (IKDC), and the dynamic balance function and sEMG were measured before and after treatment, and the correlation between dynamic balance index and root mean square (RMS) of sEMG was analyzed.
Results After treatment, the scores of HSS and IKDC increased significantly in both groups (|Z| > 3.526, |t| > 63.544, P < 0.001), and were better in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.392, t = 2.650, P < 0.05); the length of gait line and single support line increased significantly, the medial-lateral displacement displacement decreased (|t| > 2.368, Z = -3.516, P < 0.05), and they were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.497, Z = -3.091, P < 0.05); the RMS of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius increased in the experimental group (t = -5.900, Z = -2.741, P < 0.01), and were better than those in the control group (t = 3.930, Z = -3.260, P < 0.01). After treatment, the RMS of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius in both groups were positively correlated with gait line length and single support line length, and were negatively correlated with medial-lateral displacement (|r| > 0.502, P < 0.01).
Conclusion Core stability training could significantly improve knee joint function and dynamic balance, and enhance the activation of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius. Dynamic balance is highly correlated with sEMG.

Objective To explore the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with acupuncture on central and upper limb function in stroke patients at flaccid stage based on central-peripheral-central theory.
Methods From September, 2018 to December, 2021, 120 patients with upper limb dysfunction after stroke in Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Hospital were selected and randomly divided into control group 1 (n = 40), control group 2 (n = 40) and experimental group (n = 40). All the groups received conventional rehabilitation treatment. In addition, the control group 1 received acupuncture treatment, the control group 2 received anodal tDCS, and the experimental group received combined treatment of both, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment. Electroencephalograph (EEG) was used to detect brain symmetry index (BSI), and electromyography (EMG) was used to detect root mean square values (RMS) of triceps brachii, biceps brachii, extensor wrist and flexor wrist of the affected upper limbs.
Results Two cases in the control group 1, one in the control group 2 and one in the experimental group dropped off, respectively. After treatment, the scores of FMA-UE and MBI significantly increased in all the groups (t > 11.757, P < 0.001), and they were higer in the experimental group than in the control groups (P < 0.001); the BSI decreased in the control group 2 and the experimental group (t > 2.324, P < 0.05), and it was less in the experimental group than in the control group 2 (P < 0.05); the RMS of biceps increased in all the groups (t > 2.953, P < 0.01), and was higer in the experimental group than in the control groups (P < 0.05); the RMS of flexor wrist and triceps increased in the control group 1 and the experimental group (t > 2.230, P < 0.05), and were higher in the experimental group than in the control group 1 (P < 0.05); the RMS of wrist extensor muscle increased only in the experimental group (t = 3.350, P < 0.01).
Conclusion tDCS combined with acupuncture based on central-peripheral-central theory could effectively improve the upper limb function of stroke patients at flaccid stage, with advantages in improving hemispheric asymmetry and enhancing the activation level of affected muscles.

Objective To observe the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) combined with repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) on ankle motor function and balance of stroke patients.
Methods From April, 2022 to March, 2023, 96 patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College were randomly divided into control group (n = 32), rPMS group (n = 32) and combined group (n = 32). The control group received conventional rehabilitation; rPMS group received rPMS on the basis of the control group; and the combined group received HBOT on the basis of rPMS group, for two weeks. Before and after treatment, the plantar weight-bearing ratio of the affected side, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), active range of motion (AROM) of ankle dorsiflexion of the affected side, and integrated electromyographic (iEMG) values during maximum isometric contraction of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles were measured.
Results Two cases dropped out in each group, and 90 cases were finally included, and no adverse events occurred during treatment. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in plantar weight-bearing ratio of the affected side, BBS score, AROM of ankle dorsiflexion of the affected side, and iEMG of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius among three groups (F < 2.070, P > 0.05). After treatment, all the indicators significantly improved in all the groups (|t| > 27.004, P < 0.001), and they were better in the combined group than in rPMS group and the control group (P < 0.001); except the proportion of plantar weight-bearing on the affected side, the other indicators were better in rPMS group than in the control group (P < 0.001).
Conclusion rPMS can promote the recovery of ankle motor function and balance of stroke patients, and the effect combining with HBOT is better.

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy of electrical stimulation on shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke, and compare the curative effect of different electrical stimulation therapies.

Methods The randomized controlled trials (RCT) about the effect of electrical stimulation on shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, VIP and Wanfang data, from the establishment to February 14th, 2023. Two researchers selected and screened the literature, and evaluated the quality of methodology independently. RevMan 5.4 software and Stata 14.0 software were used for meta-analysis and network meta-analysis, respectively.

Results A total of 18 RCT were selected, including 1 310 cases. Compared to conventional rehabilitation therapy alone, electrical stimulation combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy could improve the scores of Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (MD = 8.17, 95%CI 6.90 to 9.45, P< 0.001) and modified Barthel Index (MD = 11.80, 95%CI 10.18 to 13.42, P < 0.001), and reduce the Visual Analogue Score (MD = -1.68, 95%CI -2.03 to -1.32, P < 0.001) and edema score (MD = -0.98, 95%CI -1.18 to -0.79, P< 0.001). The best effect of improving upper limb function followed as intermediate frequency electrotherapy, electroacupuncture, low frequency electrotherapy and routine rehabilitation therapy. The best effect of improving pain followed as electroacupuncture, intermediate frequency electrotherapy, low frequency electrotherapy and routine rehabilitation therapy.

Conclusion Electrical stimulation therapy can relieve pain and edema of patients with shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke, and improve upper limb activity and activities of daily living. Intermediate frequency electrotherapy is the best in improving upper limb function, and electroacupuncture is the best in relieving pain.

Objective To systematically analyze the typical mental health conditions and psychological disorders of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), to construct a mental health service system and psychological interventions to these mental health conditions of children with IDD.

Methods Based on the framework of the World Health Organization Family International Classifications (WHO-FICs), the mental health conditions and related functioning were analyzed, and the mental health service framework and proposed mental health interventions were constructed.

Results There were six main categories of mental health conditions for children with IDD: mood disorders (anxiety and depression), behavioral disorders (disruptive disorders and challenging behaviors, aggressive behaviors), traumatic disorders (post-traumatic stress disorder), mental disorders (schizophrenia), suicide and self-harm, and learning disabilities (developmental learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Mental health services for children with IDD involved in six dimensions: leadership and governance, fundraising, human resources, service delivery, mental health technologies, and information and research. Mental health services went through the continuum of health services from prevention, treatment, rehabilitation to health promotion. We delivered mental health services for children with IDD in three aspects: identifying and diagnosing mental health problems or conditions, analyzing the main factors caused mental health problems, and analyzing the environmental factors. Mental health service interventions mainly covered five categories: antidepressants, psychotherapy, stress management training, physical exercise training, healthy lifestyle education, consultation and support. Children with IDD may obtain the mental health services in hospitals, rehabilitation institutions, community and school settings.

Conclusion This study systematically analyzed the typical mental health status and related psychological functional impairments of children with IDD. Based on the World Health Organization health service system, a mental health service framework for children with IDD was constructed. Referring to the WHO's continuum of health services, a system of psychological intervention methods for children with IDD was established. Furthermore, the WHO-FICs were used to describe and code the functions of children with IDD, and the ICHI-β3 was applied to code and analyze the related psychological interventions.

Objective To investigate the effect of 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with mirror therapy on upper limb motor function and cortical neurophysiological indicators in stroke patients with hemiplegia.
Methods Sixty stroke patients who were admitted to Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, from October, 2022 to March, 2023 were randomly assigned to control group (n = 15), rTMS group (n = 15), mirror therapy group (n = 15) and combined group (n = 15). All groups received routine medicine and rehabilitation. In addition, the control group received sham rTMS and sham mirror therapy, rTMS group received 1 Hz rTMS and sham mirror therapy, the mirror therapy group received sham rTMS and mirror therapy, and the combined group received 1Hz rTMS combined with mirror therapy, for four weeks. Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) were used to evaluate the motor function of the affected upper limb. The motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude and central motor conduction time (CMCT) of the affected cortex were measured using a transcranial magnetic stimulation device.
Results After treatment, the scores of FMA-UE and ARAT, and the amplitude of MEP significantly improved in all groups (|t| > 3.854, P < 0.001), while the CMCT significantly shortened (t > 5.967, P < 0.001). Compared to the control group, rTMS group, the mirror therapy group and the combined group showed more significant improvement in the scores of FMA-UE and ARAT, and the amplitude of MEP, and shorter CMCT (P < 0.05). When compared to rTMS group and the mirror therapy group, the combined group showed more significant improvement the scores of FMA-UE and ARAT, and the amplitude of MEP, and shorter CMCT (P < 0.05). There was significant positive correlation of the scores of FMA-UE and ARAT with the amplitude of MEP, and negative correlation with the CMCT in all groups (R² > 0.804, P < 0.001).
Conclusion The combination of 1 Hz rTMS and mirror therapy contributes to the post-stroke brain functional remodeling and facilitates upper limb motor recovery in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

Objective To compare the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular training methods on pain and motor ability of knee in patients with early knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods From November, 2022 to May, 2023, 60 early KOA patients from Beijing Bo'ai Hospital and community were randomly divided into groups A, B and C, with 20 patients in each group. Group A received proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), group B received neuromuscular exercise (NEMEX), and group C received PNF and NEMEX, for six weeks. They were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VAS), angle reappearance test, difference of pre-motor reaction time (VM-VL), active range of motion (AROM) of knee flexion, 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) before and after treatment.

Results All the indexes improved in all the groups after treatment (|t| > 2.532, P < 0.05). Among the groups, the VAS score was the least in group A, and then groups C and B; the angle reappearance error was the least in group C, and similar in groups A and B; the VM-VL was the least in groups A and C, followed by group B.

Conclusion PNF, NEMEX and PNF+NEMEX can relieve the pain and improve the motor function of knee in patients with early KOA, however, PNF is the most effective on relieving pain, and PNF+NEMEX is the most effective on improving knee function.

Objective To summarize the current situation, hot spots and frontiers of the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in rehabilitation in recent ten years.
Methods Literature related to the application of fNIRS in rehabilitation was retrieved from the core collection of Web of Science from January, 2003 to December, 2022, and the visualized analysis was performed by CiteSpace 6.1.R6 software.
Results A total of 828 literatures were included. The annual publication volume was on the rise. The most prolific author was LI Zengyong. The most published country was the United States. And the most published institution was Karolinska Institute. Hot keywords included children, stroke, activation, quality of life, cerebral palsy, etc. The hot keywords of bursting intensity included early intervention, speech perception, cerebral palsy, plasticity, spinal cord injury, physical therapy, visual feedback, Parkinson's disease, etc. Cluster analysis suggested that in the past decade, the application of fNIRS in rehabilitation involved physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, pre-rehabilitation and early rehabilitation of surgery, mainly focusing on six themes: the rehabilitation of motor dysfunction after stroke, cognitive impairment, hearing and speech dysfunction, children with cerebral palsy, cardiopulmonary function monitoring in severe diseases and long-term nursing of chronic diseases. Among them, the application of fNIRS in neurological rehabilitation of stroke patients occupied a large proportion, which might be the current research hot spot and trend.
Conclusion The application of fNIRS in rehabilitation is on the rise. In the future, more attention should be paid to the application of fNIRS in the study of the injury and recovery mechanism of neurological disorders, especially the effects of various rehabilitation interventions on cortical plasticity and the etiology of neurological disorders.

Objective To investigate rehabilitation competence among trainers and trainees whom participated in the training program entitled National Training Program of Shortage Rehabilitation Physicians (NTPSRP) using World Health Organization rehabilitation competency framework (RCF).

Methods Based on RCF, a questionnaire was developed and administrated through network using Questionnaire Star. All the trainers and trainees who participated in NTPSRP were investigated in September, 2023.

Results A total of 911 subjects were collected from 27 provinces, including 426 trainers (teachers) and 485 trainees (students). The average age of the teachers was older, with more years of work experience and professional experience in rehabilitation medicine. The degree and professional title of the teachers was also higher. The overall internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire was good (Cronbach's α = 0.988), and all the internal consistency reliability in five fields was good (Cronbach's α > 0.9). The five dimensional structure of RCF in the results was consistent with the prior model established by RCF theory. The self-ratings of all physicians in the five fields were higher than the median level, and was higher in the teachers than in the students [(3.42±0.68) vs. (2.73±0.80), P < 0.001]. Gender and years of experience in rehabilitation medicine were independent factors for the total score of the questionnaire. The total self-rating of female students was 9.65 points lower than that of the male (95%CI 4.386 to 14.914); and one more year in rehabilitation medicine would increase 1.78 points in self-rating (95%CI 1.140 to 2.419).

Conclusion The structure and content of RCF can be used to evaluate the competence of rehabilitation physicians. The teachers and students of NTPSRP are eligible to RCF. RCF-based evaluation can be used to guide the development of continuing education courses for rehabilitation professionals.