《Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice》 ›› 2023, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (9): 1072-1082.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2023.09.011
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ZHAO Panchao1,2, JI Zhongqiu2(), JIANG Guiping2, WEN Ruixiang2
Received:
2023-03-16
Revised:
2023-08-16
Published:
2023-09-25
Online:
2023-10-26
Contact:
JI Zhongqiu
E-mail:jizhongqiu61@bnu.edu.cn
Supported by:
CLC Number:
ZHAO Panchao, JI Zhongqiu, JIANG Guiping, WEN Ruixiang. Influence of different tasks on gait characteristics and task cost in early childhood[J]. 《Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice》, 2023, 29(9): 1072-1082.
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组别 | n | 年龄/岁 | 身高/cm | 体质量/kg | 体质量指数/(kg·m-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3岁组 | 30 | 3.80±0.15 | 103.30±4.70 | 17.46±2.38 | 16.37±2.09 |
4岁组 | 32 | 4.53±0.31 | 108.78±4.39a | 18.89±2.01 | 15.95±1.34 |
5岁组 | 30 | 5.53±0.32 | 116.28±5.08a,b | 21.70±3.18a | 16.02±1.94 |
6岁组 | 30 | 6.60±0.32 | 122.93±4.60a,b,c | 25.58±4.43a,b,c | 16.88±2.36 |
7岁组 | 30 | 7.52±0.26 | 126.33±6.03a,b,c | 26.49±6.51a,b,c | 16.43±2.82 |
8岁组 | 30 | 8.40±0.23 | 132.65±5.23a,b,c,d,e | 32.39±6.87a,b,c,d,e | 18.34±3.54a,b,c |
F值 | 1263.063 | 147.790 | 44.023 | 4.116 | |
P值 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
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参数 | 任务 | 3岁组 (n = 30) | 4岁组 (n = 32) | 5岁组 (n = 30) | 6岁组 (n = 30) | 7岁组 (n = 30) | 8岁组 (n = 30) | 合计 (n = 182) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
步态周期/s | 标准 | 0.81±0.08 | 0.83±0.11 | 0.86±0.09 | 0.89±0.10 | 0.89±0.08 | 0.91±0.10a,b | 0.87±0.10 |
认知 | 0.88±0.11 | 0.94±0.15 | 0.96±0.12 | 1.02±0.22a | 1.04±0.11a | 1.03±0.12a | 0.98±0.16① | |
越障 | 0.95±0.22 | 0.95±0.15 | 0.95±0.10 | 0.98±0.11 | 0.99±0.12 | 0.99±0.09 | 0.97±0.14① | |
双支撑期 百分比/% | 标准 | 11.22±1.88 | 11.41±2.34 | 10.47±1.73a | 9.82±1.45a,b | 9.32±1.24a,b | 9.33±1.17a,b | 10.26±2.17 |
认知 | 14.42±1.44① | 13.60±3.00① | 14.15±2.84① | 13.67±3.05① | 14.72±2.84① | 14.36±2.00① | 14.15±2.60 | |
越障 | 11.36±2.25 | 11.12±1.89 | 12.08±2.31① | 11.97±1.59① | 12.06±1.65① | 12.31±1.51① | 11.81±1.92 | |
单支撑期 百分比/% | 标准 | 35.66±3.66 | 37.67±4.07a | 39.30±3.28a | 40.65±2.54a,b | 41.37±2.50a,b | 41.31±2.19a,b | 38.98±4.10 |
认知 | 31.16±2.89① | 32.76±6.00① | 31.71±5.68① | 32.67±6.10① | 30.57±5.68① | 31.28±4.00① | 31.70±4.00 | |
越障 | 36.28±4.50 | 37.75±3.79 | 35.85±4.62① | 36.05±3.17① | 35.89±3.29① | 35.37±3.03① | 36.38±3.83 | |
步幅/% | 标准 | 76.65±12.05 | 76.50±8.31 | 83.11±9.31 | 83.02±12.86 | 86.48±9.40a,b | 83.79±7.97 | 81.53±10.66 |
认知 | 72.02±10.25 | 71.07±14.64 | 73.90±12.01 | 74.41±11.45 | 72.29±10.70 | 71.23±8.09 | 72.46±11.31① | |
越障 | 75.5±11.54 | 79.99±10.49 | 80.57±15.39 | 84.31±11.57 | 82.83±11.15 | 83.17±7.49 | 81.05±11.68 | |
步长/m | 标准 | 0.40±0.06 | 0.42±0.06 | 0.49±0.06a,b | 0.50±0.08a,b | 0.54±0.06a,b,c | 0.56±0.04a,b,c,d | 0.49±0.08 |
认知 | 0.37±0.06 | 0.37±0.05① | 0.43±0.07① | 0.46±0.08① | 0.41±0.17① | 0.47±0.05a,b① | 0.42±0.10 | |
越障 | 0.40±0.08 | 0.44±0.05② | 0.48±0.07a② | 0.51±0.10a,b② | 0.53±0.06a,b② | 0.55±0.05a,b,c② | 0.49±0.08 | |
步宽/m | 标准 | 0.10±0.02 | 0.10±0.03 | 0.08±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.08±0.04 |
认知 | 0.08±0.02 | 0.09±0.02 | 0.09±0.02 | 0.09±0.02 | 0.09±0.06 | 0.08±0.02 | 0.09±0.03① | |
越障 | 0.09±0.03 | 0.09±0.03 | 0.08±0.02 | 0.10±0.02 | 0.09±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.09±0.04① | |
步频/(min-1) | 标准 | 144.95±17.42 | 147.36±17.82 | 141.10±13.41 | 135.59±14.08b | 135.26±10.99b | 130.06±11.05a,b | 139.11±15.47 |
认知 | 138.88±18.72 | 131.08±19.04 | 127.21±14.44 | 121.12±22.44a | 116.17±12.51a,b | 117.60±13.32a,b | 125.41±18.70① | |
越障 | 135.29±25.15 | 130.75±18.55 | 126.62±14.76 | 122.84±13.12 | 123.82±12.44 | 121.33±10.31a | 126.80±16.97① | |
步速/ (%·s-1) | 标准 | 96.58±20.15 | 95.02±18.73 | 99.44±20.51 | 92.48±15.68 | 100.46±17.62 | 91.64±10.43 | 95.88±17.56 |
认知 | 86.08±19.07 | 76.45±17.72 | 79.05±17.77 | 77.36±20.47 | 72.70±15.97 | 72.33±14.75 | 77.15±18.12① | |
越障 | 90.23±20.73 | 87.73±23.37 | 90.42±17.13 | 88.08±15.21 | 86.16±13.62 | 85.58±10.62 | 88.03±17.24①② |
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因变量 | 主效应/交互效应 | 自由度 | F值 | P值 | ηp2值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
步态周期 | 任务 | 2 | 68.746 | < 0.001 | 0.281 |
年龄 | 5 | 5.206 | < 0.001 | 0.129 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 1.646 | 0.092 | 0.045 | |
双支撑期百分比 | 任务 | 2 | 185.595 | < 0.001 | 0.513 |
年龄 | 5 | 2.321 | 0.045 | 0.062 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 10.221 | < 0.001 | 0.225 | |
单支撑期百分比 | 任务 | 2 | 197.589 | < 0.001 | 0.529 |
年龄 | 5 | 2.509 | 0.032 | 0.067 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 9.902 | < 0.001 | 0.220 | |
步幅 | 任务 | 2 | 62.824 | < 0.001 | 0.263 |
年龄 | 5 | 2.642 | 0.025 | 0.070 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 2.025 | 0.077 | 0.054 | |
步长 | 任务 | 2 | 71.044 | < 0.001 | 0.288 |
年龄 | 5 | 26.922 | < 0.001 | 0.433 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 3.040 | 0.001 | 0.080 | |
步宽 | 任务 | 2 | 5.167 | 0.006 | 0.029 |
年龄 | 5 | 0.969 | 0.438 | 0.027 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 1.362 | 0.196 | 0.037 | |
步频 | 任务 | 2 | 71.164 | < 0.001 | 0.288 |
年龄 | 5 | 8.396 | < 0.001 | 0.193 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 1.502 | 0.137 | 0.041 | |
步速 | 任务 | 2 | 86.575 | < 0.001 | 0.330 |
年龄 | 5 | 1.383 | 0.233 | 0.038 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 1.546 | 0.122 | 0.042 |
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参数 | 任务 | 3岁组 (n = 30) | 4岁组 (n = 32) | 5岁组 (n = 30) | 6岁组 (n = 30) | 7岁组 (n = 30) | 8岁组 (n = 30) | 合计 (n = 182) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
髋关节 活动度/° | 标准 | 38.24±5.49 | 39.70±7.70 | 40.33±6.39 | 41.72±6.05 | 41.38±5.44 | 38.31±5.40 | 40.29±6.24 |
认知 | 36.14±7.30 | 35.93±6.67 | 36.65±7.49 | 36.52±6.17 | 33.59±5.24 | 31.54±5.58a,b,c,d | 35.08±6.64① | |
越障 | 49.64±5.95 | 52.53±6.73 | 53.01±7.41 | 54.15±6.35 | 51.80±5.57 | 51.02±5.21 | 52.03±6.33①② | |
膝关节 活动度/° | 标准 | 60.93±5.71 | 58.30±7.40 | 58.61±7.11 | 58.32±7.10 | 56.38±5.47 | 59.40±9.66 | 58.65±7.23 |
认知 | 56.85±5.13① | 57.01±6.13 | 57.74±6.00 | 57.82±8.68 | 55.19±5.74 | 53.10±6.67① | 56.29±6.60 | |
越障 | 80.56±9.95①② | 85.24±13.27①② | 87.14±14.18①② | 83.34±12.24①② | 79.34±12.11①② | 84.94±8.54①② | 83.45±12.03 | |
踝关节 活动度/° | 标准 | 97.53±10.79 | 100.50±10.68 | 103.78±8.88 | 106.73±13.05 | 101.03±9.48 | 98.25±11.23 | 101.30±11.07 |
认知 | 94.82±14.47 | 94.75±14.20 | 94.78±18.97① | 95.73±14.75① | 89.38±12.87① | 81.65±17.75a,b,c① | 91.90±16.21 | |
越障 | 116.47±16.09①② | 129.06±17.64a①② | 131.8±14.11a①② | 123.03±15.92①② | 118.03±14.69c①② | 122.55±14.19①② | 123.55±16.26 | |
髋关节最大角速度/(rad·s-1) | 标准 | 3.72±0.89 | 3.61±0.69 | 3.46±0.73 | 3.31±0.66 | 3.31±0.66 | 3.20±0.58a | 3.45±0.71 |
认知 | 3.16±0.88① | 3.04±0.75① | 3.03±0.78① | 2.86±0.71① | 2.58±0.45a① | 2.35±0.57a,b,c① | 2.84±0.75 | |
越障 | 3.89±1.12② | 4.22±0.81①② | 4.18±0.83①② | 4.16±0.81①② | 4.35±0.69①② | 4.16±0.97①② | 4.16±0.88 | |
膝关节最大角速度/(rad·s-1) | 标准 | 6.83±1.46 | 6.54±1.46 | 6.61±1.23 | 5.85±1.28 | 5.75±1.14 | 5.86±1.01 | 6.24±1.33 |
认知 | 6.27±1.76 | 5.98±1.76 | 6.12±1.52 | 5.40±1.39 | 4.90±0.62a,b,c① | 4.86±0.72a,b,c① | 5.59±1.47 | |
越障 | 8.22±2.23①② | 8.35±1.53①② | 9.01±1.84①② | 8.38±1.62①② | 8.66±1.57①② | 9.25±1.60①② | 8.64±1.76 | |
踝关节最大角速度/(rad·s-1) | 标准 | 11.49±2.78 | 10.32±2.83 | 10.78±1.92 | 10.49±2.26 | 10.60±2.33 | 9.80±2.10 | 10.58±2.42 |
认知 | 10.31±3.03① | 9.96±2.78 | 9.03±2.69① | 8.82±1.88① | 8.25±1.76① | 7.48±1.57① | 8.98±2.52 | |
越障 | 11.94±2.82 | 12.97±4.54①② | 13.74±4.14①② | 12.34±3.34② | 12.91±4.59①② | 12.69±4.57①② | 12.77±4.05 |
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因变量 | 主效应/交互效应 | 自由度 | F值 | P值 | ηp2值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
髋关节活动度 | 任务 | 2 | 504.092 | < 0.001 | 0.741 |
年龄 | 5 | 2.927 | 0.015 | 0.077 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 1.740 | 0.071 | 0.047 | |
膝关节活动度 | 任务 | 2 | 813.462 | < 0.001 | 0.822 |
年龄 | 5 | 1.324 | 0.256 | 0.036 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 2.534 | 0.006 | 0.067 | |
踝关节活动度 | 任务 | 2 | 308.044 | < 0.001 | 0.636 |
年龄 | 5 | 4.556 | 0.001 | 0.115 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 3.357 | < 0.001 | 0.087 | |
髋关节最大角速度 | 任务 | 2 | 176.724 | < 0.001 | 0.501 |
年龄 | 5 | 2.359 | 0.042 | 0.063 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 3.412 | < 0.001 | 0.088 | |
膝关节最大角速度 | 任务 | 2 | 271.557 | < 0.001 | 0.607 |
年龄 | 5 | 3.074 | 0.011 | 0.080 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 3.983 | < 0.001 | 0.102 | |
踝关节最大角速度 | 任务 | 2 | 83.019 | < 0.001 | 0.321 |
年龄 | 5 | 1.798 | 0.116 | 0.049 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 2.066 | 0.026 | 0.055 |
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参数 | 任务 | 3岁组 (n = 30) | 4岁组 (n = 32) | 5岁组 (n = 30) | 6岁组 (n = 30) | 7岁组 (n = 30) | 8岁组 (n = 30) | 合计 (n = 182) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
外侧比目鱼肌 | 标准 | 15.86±5.09 | 12.97±5.04 | 16.01±5.53 | 11.04±4.55a | 11.96±4.12a | 12.79±4.56a | 15.86±5.09 |
认知 | 12.80±2.62 | 11.02±5.18a | 11.49±3.16a | 11.39±3.70a | 9.93±2.40a | 9.77±2.72a | 11.16±3.91 | |
越障 | 18.73±5.15 | 16.10±6.41①② | 13.24±4.74a | 11.14±2.49a,b | 10.3±4.52ab | 9.14±3.87a,b | 12.95±5.70 | |
内侧比目鱼肌 | 标准 | 17.89±4.51 | 15.72±5.70 | 17.14±3.68 | 14.94±3.72 | 17.31±4.73 | 14.50±3.11 | 16.22±4.44 |
认知 | 13.24±4.78 | 13.73±3.34 | 14.45±4.49 | 13.54±3.49 | 13.47±4.60 | 12.84±3.33 | 13.60±4.41① | |
越障 | 22.09±4.20 | 17.86±5.52a | 16.85±4.56a | 15.12±2.70a | 17.63±4.26a | 13.19±4.53a,b | 17.03±5.10② | |
外侧腓肠肌 | 标准 | 6.11±2.14 | 5.21±2.01 | 6.32±3.17 | 4.58±1.64a | 4.13±1.31a,c | 4.63±1.53a,c | 5.13±2.15 |
认知 | 4.50±1.81 | 4.61±1.70 | 4.53±1.21 | 4.47±1.16a | 4.16±1.04a,b,c | 4.11±1.08a,b,c | 4.39±1.60① | |
越障 | 6.05±1.56 | 5.39±2.49 | 5.92±2.10 | 4.64±1.65 | 4.58±2.01 | 4.20±1.42a | 5.09±2.00② | |
内侧腓肠肌 | 标准 | 16.32±5.85 | 14.37±5.98 | 15.98±5.85 | 12.76±4.86 | 12.30±3.80 | 13.77±3.40 | 14.21±5.15 |
认知 | 12.47±5.31 | 12.31±3.65 | 12.12±4.95 | 10.53±2.85a | 10.09±3.64a | 10.33±3.27a,b,c | 11.42±4.50① | |
越障 | 16.01±3.87 | 14.53±6.57 | 16.07±5.56 | 13.41±4.68 | 14.66±5.22 | 15.87±5.93 | 15.09±5.39② | |
胫骨前肌 | 标准 | 1.73±1.00 | 2.37±1.12 | 2.51±1.34 | 3.38±1.45a | 3.57±1.43a | 4.54±1.32a,b,c | 3.07±1.28 |
认知 | 1.00±0.62 | 2.20±0.89a | 2.46±1.24a | 2.57±1.22a | 2.91±1.69a | 3.55±1.61a | 2.50±1.49① | |
越障 | 2.18±1.02 | 2.70±1.85 | 2.77±1.50 | 3.24±1.21 | 4.30±1.71a,b,c | 4.56±2.07a,b,c | 3.35±1.82② | |
股二头肌 | 标准 | 8.51±3.88 | 8.99±4.36 | 8.11±5.23 | 6.08±2.57 | 7.06±2.53 | 6.39±2.56 | 7.50±3.71 |
认知 | 7.84±3.73 | 6.88±3.06 | 6.83±3.31 | 5.22±2.45 | 5.17±1.90a,b,c | 5.49±2.24a,b,c① | 6.24±3.24 | |
越障 | 14.87±4.76①② | 13.67±4.56①② | 12.85±4.58①② | 9.32±4.05a,b①② | 9.48±2.70a,b①② | 9.57±4.54a,b,c② | 11.16±4.94 | |
股直肌 | 标准 | 6.63±3.78 | 7.82±4.19 | 9.59±6.39 | 9.34±5.16 | 9.03±5.61 | 8.68±3.98 | 8.52±4.93 |
认知 | 4.17±2.14 | 5.75±2.57 | 4.71±1.95① | 5.27±1.86① | 5.32±2.15① | 5.05±2.72① | 5.07±2.28 | |
越障 | 4.22±2.05 | 4.34±3.37① | 4.89±3.47① | 9.07±4.47a,b,c② | 9.51±5.92a,b,c② | 10.18±6.67a,b,c② | 7.17±5.31 | |
臀大肌上束 | 标准 | 5.90±1.50 | 4.63±1.56 | 6.51±1.91 | 3.52±1.04c | 3.82±1.08 | 4.67±1.05 | 4.80±1.51 |
认知 | 4.72±1.27 | 4.35±1.34 | 4.30±1.33① | 2.43±1.21a,b,c | 2.64±1.60a,b,c | 2.64±1.37a,b,c① | 3.48±1.65 | |
越障 | 10.06±4.56①② | 8.39±3.86①② | 7.94±4.08② | 4.30±2.90a,b,c② | 4.32±2.22a,b,c | 4.65±3.42a,b,c | 6.49±4.15 |
"
因变量 | 主效应/交互效应 | 自由度 | F值 | P值 | ηp2值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
外侧比目鱼肌 | 任务 | 2 | 4.032 | 0.019 | 0.031 |
年龄 | 5 | 16.779 | < 0.001 | 0.404 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 2.727 | 0.003 | 0.099 | |
内侧比目鱼肌 | 任务 | 2 | 19.582 | < 0.001 | 0.136 |
年龄 | 5 | 11.581 | < 0.001 | 0.318 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 1.841 | 0.054 | 0.069 | |
外侧腓肠肌 | 任务 | 2 | 24.041 | < 0.001 | 0.162 |
年龄 | 5 | 13.637 | < 0.001 | 0.355 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 0.463 | 0.913 | 0.018 | |
内侧腓肠肌 | 任务 | 2 | 34.243 | < 0.001 | 0.216 |
年龄 | 5 | 5.181 | < 0.001 | 0.173 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 2.076 | 0.073 | 0.077 | |
胫骨前肌 | 任务 | 2 | 11.809 | < 0.001 | 0.087 |
年龄 | 5 | 20.673 | < 0.001 | 0.455 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 1.720 | 0.077 | 0.065 | |
股二头肌 | 任务 | 2 | 110.932 | < 0.001 | 0.472 |
年龄 | 5 | 12.696 | < 0.001 | 0.339 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 2.189 | 0.019 | 0.081 | |
股直肌 | 任务 | 2 | 26.014 | < 0.001 | 0.173 |
年龄 | 5 | 4.705 | 0.001 | 0.159 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 3.476 | < 0.001 | 0.123 | |
臀大肌上束 | 任务 | 2 | 46.110 | < 0.001 | 0.271 |
年龄 | 5 | 14.362 | < 0.001 | 0.367 | |
任务×年龄 | 10 | 3.287 | 0.001 | 0.117 |
"
组别 | n | 标准 | 认知 | 越障 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
步速 | 步幅 | 步速 | 步幅 | 步速 | 步幅 | ||||
3岁组 | 30 | 16.05 | 15.09 | 22.87 | 16.75 | 22.08 | 14.68 | ||
4岁组 | 32 | 19.31 | 10.95 | 21.34 | 17.32 | 22.98 | 12.40 | ||
5岁组 | 30 | 16.92 | 11.34 | 19.03 | 14.92 | 19.11 | 11.33 | ||
6岁组 | 30 | 16.67 | 15.50 | 17.85 | 14.18 | 17.34 | 13.43 | ||
7岁组 | 30 | 16.46 | 10.98 | 15.09 | 14.91 | 15.27 | 13.33 | ||
8岁组 | 30 | 11.50 | 9.46 | 14.60 | 11.55 | 12.60 | 9.65 | ||
合计 | 182 | 16.15 | 12.22 | 18.46 | 14.94 | 18.23 | 12.47 |
"
组别 | n | 步速 | 步幅 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
认知 | 越障 | 认知 | 越障 | |||
3岁组 | 30 | 22.87±9.25 | 18.99±11.34 | 16.97±7.02 | 12.08±9.72 | |
4岁组 | 32 | 18.81±8.40 | 15.73±13.15 | 15.13±7.63 | 11.61±8.57 | |
5岁组 | 30 | 19.33±6.45 | 16.59±10.77 | 13.45±6.01 | 9.23±5.96 | |
6岁组 | 30 | 18.20±10.95 | 12.49±8.01a | 12.86±5.81 | 10.11±7.52 | |
7岁组 | 30 | 17.91±9.28 | 13.81±12.12 | 12.69±5.41a | 7.85±9.29 | |
8岁组 | 30 | 16.12±7.06 | 10.21±6.29a | 12.53±5.71a | 7.30±7.78 | |
合计 | 182 | 18.86±8.80① | 14.63±10.80 | 13.95±6.45① | 9.71±8.31 |
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