注意缺陷多动障碍儿童粗大动作技能与执行功能发展的特点及关系

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2024.01.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the developmental characteristics of gross motor skills and executive functions, and the correlation between them in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods From November, 2020 to May, 2021, 90 children with ADHD were recruited from Peking University Sixth Hospital and Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School, and other 90 children with normal development from this primary school were recruited matched their age and gender. Gross motor skills were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development in Children, Third Edition (TGMD-3), and inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed with Stroop Color Words Test (SCWT), Rey-Osterrich Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) and Trail Making Test (TMT), respectively.

Results The TGMD-3 score was significantly lower in children with ADHD than in normal children (t = -6.275, P < 0.001), while the test results of SCWT, ROCFT and TMT were worse (|t| ≥ 1.986, P ≤ 0.05). The TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was negatively correlated with the word sense reaction time (r= -0.261), the number of word sense errors (r = -0.404) and the number of color errors (r = -0.326) (P < 0.05), positively correlated with the delayed structural memory scores (r= 0.228) (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the TMT-A reaction time (r = -0.255), the number of TMT-A errors (r = -0.329), TMT-B reaction time (r = -0.214) and the number of TMT-B errors (r = -0.474) (P < 0.05). Stratified linear regression analyses showed that the TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was significant only in predicting test results for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (P < 0.05), with explanations of 8.7% and 22.5%, respectively.

Conclusion Developments of both gross motor skills and executive function delay in children with ADHD, and there is a relation between them, especially the level of gross motor skills relating to the developments of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.

Key words: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gross motor skill, executive function, motor development, children

CLC Number:

R749.93

SONG Yiling, REN Yuanchun, ZHU Feilong, KUANG Dongqing, CAO Qingjiu, LIN Yang, WANG Fang. Characteristics and relationship between the development of gross motor skills and executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. 《Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice》, 2024, 30(1): 1-9.

Figures/Tables 3

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

References 52

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测试项目		正常儿童(n = 90)	ADHD儿童(n = 90)	t值	P值
TGMD-3	总分	75.49±7.47	65.10±13.82	-6.275	< 0.001
	位移动作	36.88±4.34	32.62±6.95	-4.928	< 0.001
	物控动作	38.64±6.25	35.58±11.05	-2.292	0.023
执行功能测试
SCWT	字义反应时/s	21.96±7.39	30.67±15.11	4.912	< 0.001
	字义错误数	0.11±0.41	0.71±1.54	3.577	< 0.001
	颜色反应时/s	44.98±15.47	55.01±14.56	4.479	< 0.001
	颜色错误数	0.78±0.99	1.99±2.96	3.686	< 0.001
ROCFT	即时结构记忆	3.92±1.69	2.49±1.83	-5.455	< 0.001
	即时细节记忆	13.31±5.82	8.61±5.85	-5.395	< 0.001
	延时结构记忆	3.86±1.80	2.36±1.84	-5.502	< 0.001
	延时细节记忆	12.99±6.01	8.12±5.98	-5.460	< 0.001
TMT	TMT-A反应时/s	49.22±17.28	62.18±28.07	3.728	< 0.001
	TMT-A错误数	0.01±0.12	0.27±1.22	1.986	0.050
	TMT-B反应时/s	144.13±58.39	200.54±84.58	5.206	< 0.001
	TMT-B错误数	0.49±0.88	2.68±5.53	3.706	< 0.001

项目		粗大动作		位移动作		物控动作
项目		r值	P值	r值	P值	r值	P值
SCWT	字义反应时	-0.261	0.013	-0.337	0.001	-0.098	0.360
	字义错误数	-0.404	< 0.001	-0.501	< 0.001	-0.221	0.036
	颜色反应时	-0.097	0.363	-0.226	0.032	-0.140	0.189
	颜色错误数	-0.326	0.002	-0.426	< 0.001	-0.282	0.007
ROCFT	即时结构记忆	0.157	0.138	0.221	0.036	0.140	0.189
	即时细节记忆	0.180	0.089	0.257	0.015	0.263	0.012
	延时结构记忆	0.228	0.032	0.296	0.005	0.202	0.058
	延时细节记忆	0.200	0.059	0.278	0.008	0.263	0.012
TMT	TMT-A反应时	-0.255	0.015	-0.320	0.002	-0.246	0.019
	TMT-A错误数	-0.329	0.002	-0.274	0.009	-0.238	0.024
	TMT-B反应时	-0.214	0.043	-0.210	0.046	-0.182	0.086
	TMT-B错误数	-0.474	< 0.001	-0.408	< 0.001	-0.186	0.080

因变量	自变量	非标准化系数		标准化系数	t值	P值	R²	调整R²	R²变化
因变量	自变量	B	SE	Beta	t值	P值	R²	调整R²	R²变化
抑制控制	性别	-1.674	0.680	-0.245	-2.463	0.016	0.187	0.148	0.087^a
	年龄	-0.487	0.261	-0.196	-1.870	0.065
	ADHD亚型	-0.155	0.384	-0.042	-0.405	0.687
	粗大动作	-0.064	0.021	-0.298	-3.007	0.003
工作记忆	性别	0.287	0.433	0.067	0.662	0.510	0.155	0.115	0.026
	年龄	0.526	0.166	0.338	3.165	0.002
	ADHD亚型	0.018	0.245	0.008	0.075	0.941
	粗大动作	0.022	0.014	0.164	1.623	0.108
认知灵活性	性别	-0.721	1.235	-0.056	-0.584	0.561	0.234	0.198	0.225^b
	年龄	-0.044	0.474	-0.009	-0.092	0.927
	ADHD亚型	-0.598	0.698	-0.086	-0.858	0.394
	粗大动作	-0.193	0.039	-0.481	-4.997	<0.001

Characteristics and relationship between the development of gross motor skills and executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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