Objective To explore the framework, core content and strategic action of international policies concerning the digital empowerment of physical activity and health among children with disabilities.

Methods Employing the World Health Organization (WHO) health service system's six building blocks as a theoretical basis, this study conducted a systematic content analysis of core policy documents issued by key international organizations including the WHO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). These documents cover topics related to digital empowerment, artificial intelligence, digital health, physical activity and health, high-quality physical education, and inclusive education. The analysis aimed to identify the international policy framework, core content and strategic action related to the digital empowerment of physical activity and health for children with disabilities.

Results The policy framework for digital empowerment of physical activity and health in children with disabilities encompasses six key areas, aligned with the WHO health service system's six building blocks: service provision, health workforce, health information systems, medical products and technology, health financing, leadership and digital governance. Key strategic actions for implementing digital empowerment include strengthening legal and policy support to enhance digital governance capabilities, establishing cross-sectoral collaboration mechanisms, fostering continuous innovation in digital technology, building a comprehensive service system for digital empowerment in physical activity and health, establishing and enforcing relevant technological and ethical standards, promoting digital community inclusion, and improving the monitoring and quality control of services related to physical activity and health for children with disabilities.

Conclusion Based on the WHO health service system's six building blocks, this study provides a detailed analysis of international policies from WHO, UNESCO, ITU and UNICEF, and constructs a comprehensive policy framework for the digital empowerment of physical activity and health in children with disabilities. It highlights the core contents and main strategic actions necessary for policy development and the application of digital technologies in the field of physical activity and health for children with disabilities. The findings underscore the importance of national and local policy development of digital empowerment technologies to support the physical activity and health of children with disabilities.

Objective To observe the effect of music therapy on cognitive function, motor function, and activities of daily living (ADL) of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment.
Methods From December, 2020 to July, 2022, 48 patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were enrolled and randomly divided into control group (n = 24) and experimental group (n = 24). Both groups received conventional medication, nursing, and conventional rehabilitation, while the experimental group received music therapy additionally, for eight weeks. Before and after intervention, the cognitive function was assessed by Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), and motor function and ADL were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and modified Barthel Index (MBI), respectively.
Results Six cases in the control group dropped down. The increase in the scores of LOTCA and FMA was more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.665, P < 0.05), however, no significant difference was found in the increase of MBI score between two groups.
Conclusion Music therapy could improve the cognitive function and motor function of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment.

Objective To analyze the medical services, quality and safety of rehabilitation medicine departments in general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals in 2021 in perspectives of structure, segment and outcome quality.
Methods We analyzed the data from National Clinical Improvement System of the National Health Commission, involving 9 328 hospitals, including all secondary and above general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals, as well as traditional Chinese Medicine hospitals and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine hospitals in 2021. A total of 2 513 sampling hospitals that equipped with rehabilitation wards were included.
Results Among the 9 328 general hospitals surveyed this year, only 2 713 had rehabilitation wards. In general hospitals, the average number of physicians per bed in 56.77% hospitals, the average number of rehabilitation therapists per bed in 80.36% hospitals, and the average number of nurses per bed in 53.53% hospitals did not meet the national requirements, and the average number of rehabilitation medical personnel per bed in rehabilitation medicine departments in different regions was significantly different. The rates of early rehabilitation intervention were 13.45%, 20.67% and 29.74% respectively in department of orthopedics, department of neurology and intensive care units in general hospitals. The average improvement rate of activities of daily living of discharged patients was 77.87% in rehabilitation department of general hospitals, and 69.01% in rehabilitation hospitals.
Conclusion In 2021, professional medical services, quality and safety of rehabilitation medicine in China have improved steadily. However, most general hospitals in China still have not configured the rehabilitation wards, and there are problems such as the total number of rehabilitation medical personnel in the country does not meet the requirements, early rehabilitation intervention is significantly insufficient, and the implementation of important evaluation and therapies is deficient. The effect of rehabilitation still needs to improve. It is necessary to continuously promote capacity building of the medical rehabilitation to improve the quality of medical rehabilitation services.

Objective To explore the weights and comprehensive indices of each field of intrinsic capacity of old adults, and the correlation between intrinsic capacity and activities of daily living (ADL).
Methods The data of 5 506 cases aged more than 60 years in the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used to collect the assessment of intrinsic capacity and the measurement of ADL. The assessment of intrinsic capacity included cognition, motor, vitality, sensory and psychology; while the ADL scale included six indicators, namely dressing, bathing, eating, getting in or out of bed, going to the toilet, and controlling urine and feces.
Results A total of 1 343 cases were limited in ADL (24.4%). Women, lower education level, older age, the widowed, greater number of chronic diseases, and poorer self-rated health were the factors more likely to be limited in ADL. Principal component analysis showed that the largest weight value was in psychological domain, followed by the cognitive domain, and the lowest weight value was in the motor domain. After controlling for the effects of age, gender, living environment, economic income, education level, marriage, smoking and drinking, number of chronic diseases, and self-rated health, the Logistic regression analysis showed that low exercise capacity (OR = 0.581, 95%CI 0.501 to 0.674), depression (OR = 0.426, 95%CI 0.368 to 0.493), audile and visual impairment (OR = 0.813, 95%CI 0.699 to 0.947; OR = 0.684, 95%CI 0.578 to 0.809), overweight (OR = 1.203, 95%CI 1.014 to 1.428) and obesity (OR = 1.584, 95%CI 1.312 to 1.912) were independent risk factors for ADL limitation in older adults.
Conclusion Decrease of intrinsic capacity is a predictor for ADL limitation in older adults.

Objective To systematically review the effects of psychosocial support-related activities on mental health of older adults.
Methods Randomized controlled trails (RCTs) on mental health benefits for older adults were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI, until August, 2022. A systematic review was conducted.
Results Seven RCTs were included, from Spain, Chile, Canada, Finland, the United Kingdom, South Korea and the United States, mainly from psychiatry, mental health of the elderly and other journals, published after 2017. The subjects aged 60 to 80 years, accounting to 1 258 cases. Psychosocial interventions included Pilates, mindfulness, behavioral activation, cognitive stimulation, daily difficult problem solving training, pain and depression symptom management, health education and guidance, nursing coordination, group exercise (such as circuit training, pedal training or rubber band training), and water sports, etc. The frequency of intervention was 30 to 120 minutes a time, one to nine times a week, and the intensity of the intervention was low to high intensity for four to 64 weeks. Intervention sites included sports venues, community health centres, ageing services, and intervention staff included sports therapists (yoga), psychologists, health professionals, community health services, and health care workers. All interventions were carried out under supervision. The benefits of psychosocial intervention on the mental health of the older adults mainly reflected in the improving cognitive function and self-efficacy, reducing anxiety and depression, improving depressed mood or loneliness, improving sleep quality, increasing sense of social integration and relieving pain and other problems.
Conclusion Mental health interventions (psychological interventions or support, social interventions or support, psychosocial interventions) and mental health-related interventions (physical activity interventions) benefit older people's mental health, including improving cognitive function, alleviating anxiety and depression, improving sleep quality, and improving quality of life and well-being.

Objective To investigate the effect of respiratory training based on core stability training on feedforward control in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP).

Methods A total of 60 patients with CNLBP in Jiaxing Second Hospital from January, 2022 to March, 2023 were randomly divided into control group (n = 30) and experimental group (n = 30). Both groups received health education, physical factor therapy and core stability training, while the experimental group received respiratory training in addition, for four weeks. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopaedic Association low back pain (JOA) score and Oswestry Dysfunction Index (ODI) were compared between two groups before and after treatment, while surface electromyography was used to detect the root mean square (RMS) and integrated electromyography (iEMG) of transversus abdominis, multifidus and triceps (movement muscles), and the activation sequence and relative activation time of transversus abdominis, multifidus and triceps were calculated.

Results After treatment, the scores of VAS, JOA and ODI improved significantly in both groups (|t| > 8.515, P < 0.001), and the scores were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.089, P < 0.05). RMS and iEMG of transversus abdominis and multifidus improved significantly after treatment in both groups (|t| > 18.831, P < 0.001), and were significantly better in the experimental group (|t| > 3.481, P < 0.05). The transversus abdominis and multifidus in both groups were activated before the movement muscles, and the relative activation time of transversus abdominis and multifidus increased in negative (|t| > 48.115, P < 0.001), the experimental group being better (|t| > 3.229, P < 0.05).

Conclusion Combination of core stability training and respiratory training is beneficial in reducing the pain of patients with CNLBP, reducing the lumbar dysfunction, improving the order of muscle activation, and strengthening feedforward control.

Objective To systematically review the effect of neurofeedback training on cognitive function in the elderly within the framework of the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11), and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).
Methods A PICO framework was constructed. Randomized controlled trials on neurofeedback training for cognitive function in the elderly from PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, and CNKI up to July, 2023 were systematically reviewed. Methodological quality assessment of the included literature was performed using Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.
Results A total of 15 researches were included, from ten countries, involving 520 participants, who were healthy elderly individuals or those with mild cognitive impairment. Various neurofeedback waveforms were utilized, such as alpha, beta, theta, beta/alpha, and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) waves. Intervention duration ranged from 20 to 90 minutes, with intervention frequencies spanning from a long-term intervention of 30 sessions over 12 weeks to a high-frequency short-term intervention of eight sessions over one week. The primary health outcomes focused on cognitive function, including memory, attention, inhibitory control and executive function.
Conclusion Neurofeedback training can improve the cognitive function of the eldery, and alleviate cognitive aging.

Objective To perform a visualized analysis on the relevant literature about rehabilitation in pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) domestic and abroad, and summarize the current hot spots and frontiers in this field.
Methods The literature related to PFD rehabilitation from January, 2012 to June, 2022 was searched and screened from the databases of CNKI and Web of Science, and the CiteSpace software was used to analyze the trends of publications, authors, institutions and key words.
Results A total of 2 448 articles were included. Relatively few high-quality domestic researches were published. In terms of research hotspots, both domestic and international researches focused on causes, mechanisms, rehabilitation techniques and evaluation indicators of PFD, but domestic researches had not paid enough attention to evaluation indicators and prevention of PFD. The key words constantly appeared in 2022 were mechanisms of PFD due to pregnancy, treatment of postoperative complications in prostate cancer patients, the role of pelvic floor muscle training, and quality of life studies in women.
Conclusion Research related to the field of PFD rehabilitation is increasing. There is still a large gap for future development in China.

Objective To analyze the use of brain-computer interface technology in the field of rehabilitation in the last decade.

Methods The articles of brain-computer interface technology used in rehabilitation from January, 2013 to August, 2023 in CNKI and Web of Science core collection database were retrieved. CiteSpace 6.2.R4 software was applied for visualized analysis, and the corresponding knowledge map was drawn.

Results A total of 1 582 literatures were retrived, including 506 in Chinese and 1 076 in English. The annual publication volume was on the rise. For English, China was the country with the highest number of literatures, and the United States with the highest centrality. For Chinese, the most high-yield author was Ming Dong, and the most high-yield institution was Tianjin University; while the most high-yield authors were Birbaumer N and Jochumsen M, and the most high-yield institution was the University of Tübingen in English. Research hotspots included motor imagery, stroke, EEG signals, etc. The researches could be clustered in four areas: basic research, disease, function and joint application. Brain-computer interfaces combined with motor imagery, exoskeleton rehabilitation robots, functional electrical stimulation and virtual reality after stroke accounted for a large portion of applications.

Conclusion The research related to brain-computer interfaces applied to the field of rehabilitation is generally on the rise. Future attention may continue to be given to the use of brain-computer interface technology in patients with stroke, spinal cord injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Basic research on neuroplasticity and signal decoding deserves the attention of domestic scholars.

Objective To create an evidence-based expert consensus on airway function rehabilitation and management post tracheostomy in neurocritical patients.

Methods The lists of problems and recommendations were defined using Delphi method, and the evidence quality and recommendation strength were evaluated using GRADE, and the results were reported based on RIGHT.

Results The comprehensive rehabilitation of airway function for neurocritical patients with tracheotomy in the setting of clinical rehabilitation would be conducted by a multidisciplinary team, including rehabilitation physicians, rehabilitation therapists, nurses, etc. A total of 17 recommendations were finally formulated on four major issues, including the airway function rehabilitation, airway management, pre-decannulation assessment and decannulation, and the monitoring after decannulation and rehabilitation management.

Conclusions The expert consensus on the airway function rehabilitation and the management after tracheostomy in neurocritical patients in the setting of clinical rehabilitation has been created, which may be helpful for the quality and safety of rehabilitation for the airway function in neurocritical patients with tracheostomy.

Objective To explore the effect of brain-computer interface (BCI) based on visual, auditory and motor feedback combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on upper limb function in stroke patients.
Methods From March to October, 2023, 45 stroke inpatients in Xuzhou Rehabilitation Hospital and Xuzhou Central Hospital were divided into BCI group (n = 15), tDCS group (n = 15) and combined group (n = 15) randomly. All the groups received routine rehabilitation, while BCI group received BCI training, tDCS group received tDCS, while the combined group received tDCS and followed by BCI training immediately, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), modified Barthel Index (MBI) and delta-alpha ratio (DAR) and power ratio index (PRI) of electroencephalogram before and after treatment.
Results The scores of FMA-UE, ARAT and MBI increased in all the groups after treatment (|t| > 5.350, P < 0.001), and all these indexes were the best in the combined group (F > 3.366, P < 0.05); while DAR and PRI decreased in all the groups (|t| > 2.208, P < 0.05), they were the best in the combined group (F > 5.224, P < 0.01).
Conclusion BCI based on visual, auditory and motor feedback combined with tDCS can further improve the motor function of upper limbs and the activities of daily living of stroke patients.

Objective To discuss the education of exercise rehabilitation specialty in China using World Health Organization rehabilitation competency framework (RCF).

Methods With reference to World Health Organization Rehabilitation in Health Systems and RCF, this paper discussed the objectives, course contents and human resource management of exercise rehabilitation in China.

Results Rehabilitation service was an important part of health service to achieve the goals of United Nations 2030 health coverage, well-being of all people and sustainable development. Sports rehabilitation would cultivate professionals with knowledge of rehabilitation medicine and exercise rehabilitation. We should establish the concept of "people-oriented", improve the multi-disciplinary human resource management system, and improve the provision of multi-dimensional rehabilitation services in communities and hospitals, to cultivate professionals with both theoretical and practical abilities. RCF played an important role in developing teaching objectives, which helped for competency oriented education, curriculum settings, and an education system centered on competency.

Conclusion Under the context in Rehabilitation in Health Systems and RCF, we have clarified the competency characteristics required for the training of sports rehabilitation professionals, optimized the training mode of sports rehabilitation professionals, and explored the path to achieve the goals of sports rehabilitation talent training.

Objective To explore the effects of different intensity of wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training on walking function, lower limb motor function, balance function and functional independence of stroke patients.

Methods From November, 2021 to December, 2022, 60 stroke patients hospitalized in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 20), observation group 1 (n = 20) and observation group 2 (n = 20). All the groups received routine rehabilitation, while the control group received routine walking training 30 minutes a day, the observation group 1 received wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training 30 minutes a day, and the observation group 2 received wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training 60 minutes a day, for four weeks. They were assessed with Functional Ambulation Category scale (FAC), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremities (FMA-LE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) before and after treatment.

Results One case in the observation group 1 and three cases in the observation group 2 dropped down. The FAC, FMA-LE, BBS and RMI scores improved in all the three groups after treatment (|Z| > 3.448, |t| > 8.102, P < 0.001), and there was no significant difference in all the indexes among the three groups (|H| < 4.643, F = 1.454, P > 0.05); however, the improvement of BBS score was more in the observation group 1 than in the control group (P < 0.05), and the improvement of all the indexes was more in the observation group 2 than in the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion The wearable lower limb rehabilitation robot-assisted training may promote the recovery of walking function, lower limb motor function, balance function and functional independence of stroke patients, and high-intensity training seems to be more effective.

Objective To synthesize the structure, content and psychometric properties of physical activity measurement/reporting tools applied in children and adolescents with disabilities.
Methods Literature on physical activity measurement/reporting tools for children with disabilities were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Web of Science and CNKI, from establishment to June, 2023. The main structure and content characteristics of the tools were analyzed using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY). The psychometric properties of the tools was assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN).
Results Six tools were selected, and nine papers were finally included. Two tools were globalized standard tools, namely Global Matrix 4.0 Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Youth (Global Matrix 4.0) and the Global Matrix of Para Report Card on Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities (Para Report Card), measuring b455 functions of motor tolerance function, b7 neuromusculoskeletal and motor-related functions; d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, d910 community life, d920 recreation and leisure; e310 immediate family, e320 friends, e460 societal attitudes, and e575general social support services, systems and policies, etc. These tools showed a complete structure, high reliability, validity and feasibility, and could be performed in a self-reported manner or completed by the custodian or school teacher. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) might measure d4 mobility, d450 walking, d640 doing housework, d820 school education, d920 recreation and leisure. IPAQ was good in terms of internal consistency, content and construct validity, and cross-cultural validity, with different test-retest reliability and hypothesis testing results reported in different applied studies. Children and Adolescents Physical Activity and Sedentary-Questionnaire (CAPAS-Q) might measure the d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, and d920 recreation and leisure. CAPAS-Q was good in internal consistency, retest reliability, content and construct validity, but hypothesis testing results and cross-cultural validity were unknown. Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) might measure d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, and d920 recreation and leisure. PAQ-C and PAQ-A were strong in internal consistency, retest reliability, content and construct validity, and cross-cultural validity, without hypothesis testing results.
Conclusion In terms of content, Para Report Card is the most comprehensive and extended physical activity measurement/reporting tool for children and adolescents with disabilities. In terms of the psychometric properties of the instruments, the multidimensional, structured physical activity measures show high internal consistency, retest reliability, and content and construct validity, with varying retest reliability and correlational validity with objective measures across studies.

Objective To explore the current status and frontier hotspots of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the field of stroke.

Methods Relevant literature on stroke and fNIRS from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched from its inception to July, 2023. VOSviewer, CiteSpace and Scimago were utilized for analysis of publication output, countries (regions) and institutions, international collaboration, co-cited references, co-occurring keywords and burst keywords.

Results A total of 379 articles were included. The research activity in this field showed an overall upward trend with slight fluctuations in the early stage. Among the top five institutions by publication output, four were from China. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that Beihang University and Boston Children's Hospital were central in collaboration networks. This study involved 1 787 authors, with 120 core authors, in which the top five most cited authors were Li Zengyong, Li Wenhao, Huo Congcong, Dou Zulin and Song Ying. The publications in this field were primarily concentrated in disciplines such as neurology, psychiatry, ophthalmology and clinical medicine. Overlay visualization of journal co-citation networks demonstrated associations between medical, clinical, and neurology disciplines with psychology, education, and sociology. Co-occurrence and clustering analysis of keywords indicated research emphasis on stroke rehabilitation, integration of multiple technical modalities, and exploration of innovative training strategies and brain activation connectivity. The research evolution of fNIRS in the stroke domain revealed initial use of photodiode devices for cerebral ischemia reperfusion monitoring. Subsequent studies refined cortical activation through improved laser sources, avalanche photodiodes, single-task experimental designs and transcranial direct current stimulation. Later, research extended to whole-brain detection, multimodal stimulation and the combination of virtual reality technology with audiovisual stimulation, resulting in significantly enhanced brain activation. The application of brain-computer interface technology further facilitated direct restoration of motor function.

Conclusion Researches in the field of stroke using fNIRS technology overall demonstrat a continuous upward trend. The researches focuse on post-stroke rehabilitation, integrating multimodal fusion, brain-computer interfaces, virtual reality, and sensory stimulation for real-time monitoring and personalized neurorehabilitation training strategies. It emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, expanding innovative research and the application of new technologies.

Objective To observe the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on chronic ankle instability (CAI).

Methods From April, 2016 to December, 2021, 48 patients with CAI were randomly divided into control group (n = 24) and observation group (n = 24). Both groups accepted routine rehabilitation, and the observation group accepted proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation additionally, for eight weeks. They were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), peak torque to body weight of ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors (AD/W, AP/W), Y Balance Test (YBT) and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) before and after treatment.

Results After treatment, VAS score, AD/W, AP/W, YBT and FADI improved in the observation group (|t| > 2.208, P < 0.05), while VAS score and AP/W improved in the control group (|t| > 2.156, P < 0.05); and all the VAS score, AD/W, AP/W, YBT and FADI were better in the observation group than in the control group (|t| > 2.067, P < 0.05).

Conclusion Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation can effectively relieve the pain of patients with CAI, and increase the muscle strength around the ankle, to improve the stability and balance.

Objective To investigate the effect of modified Baduanjin exercise, as an rehabilitation exercise, on cardiopulmonary function, motor function and activities of daily living in patients with stroke.

Methods From January to September, 2023, 42 stroke patients in the Nanjing Qixia District Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 21) and experimental group (n = 21). The control group received routine rehabilitation, and the experimental group received modified Baduanjin exercise in addition, for four weeks. They were assessed with peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), anaerobic threshold (AT), peak oxygen pulse (VO_2peak/HR), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁), peak expiratory flow (PEF), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-upper extremities (FMA-UE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after intervention.

Results VO_2peak, AT, and the scores of FMA-UE, BBS and MBI improved in the control group after intervention (|t| > 2.256, |Z| > 2.936, P < 0.05); while VO_2peak, AT, VO_2peak/HR, FVC, FEV₁, PEF, and the scores of FMA-UE, BBS and MBI improved in the experimental group (|t| > 4.390, |Z| > 3.451, P < 0.001); and all the indexes were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 4.136，|Z| > 2.751，P < 0.01), except the scores of BBS and MBI.

Conclusion Modified Baduanjin exercise can improve the cardiopulmonary function and upper limb motor function for stroke patients.

Objective To observe the effect of repetitive facilitative exercise (RFE) on the hand function of stroke patients with hemiplegia during recovery period.
Methods From January to December, 2022, 80 stroke patients with hemiplegia following hand dysfunction during recovery period in Beijing Bo'ai Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 40) and experimental group (n = 40). Both groups received routine rehabilitation, the control group added functional occupational therapy, and the experimental group added RFE, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function (STEF) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment.
Results One case dropped down in the experimental group. After treatment, all the scores increased in both groups (|t| > 12.698, P < 0.001), and were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.302, P < 0.05).
Conclusion RFE could promote the recovery of hand function and activities of daily living in patients with hemiplegia during stroke recovery period.

Objective Based on the International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11) and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), systematic reviews about the effects of different types of exercise rehabilitation and related interventions on body structure and function, activity and participation, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) were systematically reviewed.

Methods Systematic reviews of exercise rehabilitation and health benefits in patients with spinal cord injury were searched from PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science and CNKI, from January, 2015 to January, 2023.

Results Eight English articles were included, from Canada, the United States, South Korea, Australia, Brazil and Netherlands, derived from the fields of physical medicine and rehabilitation, neuromedicine and rehabilitation, and exercise intervention, with the publication date mainly concentrated from 2015 to 2021. A total of 165 randomized controlled trials were involved, with 2 746 participants, aged 18 to 65 years. The diseases were mainly spinal cord injury (complete or incomplete), quadriplegia, paraplegia (thoracic, lumbar and sacral injuries), and motor neuron injury (upper and lower). There were three main types of interventions: passive intervention, using sports assistive devices, such as powered exoskeleton-assisted robots, electric bicycles, etc., and functional electrical stimulation; active interventions, such as stepping exercises; training on flat ground, outdoor walking, and activities of daily living; mixed intervention (active & passive), such as combination of exercise and functional electrical stimulation, combination of exercise and motor assistive devices. The frequency of intervention was ten to 240 minutes a time, two to 18 times a week, with the intensity of low to vigorous, for one to 456 weeks. The intervention sites mainly involved families, community health service centers and sports venues. The health impact mainly involved improving cardiovascular and increasing blood flow velocity in the legs; improving musculoskeletal structure, as well as muscle strength, tolerance and flexibility; relieving spasms and improving reflex excitability of the nervous system; increasing gait speed and walking distance; improving functional independence, such as bowel regularity; improving physical health, such as reducing spasticity and drug use (e.g., baclofen), increasing the immune response to infection, and reducing the risk of disease (vascular dementia and respiratory disease); and improving psychological condition.

Conclusion Based on ICD-11 and ICF, this study constructed a research framework for active or passive exercise rehabilitation and related interventions in patients with spinal cord injury. Patients with spinal cord injury can improve their body structure and function, increase their activity and participation, and improve their quality of life and well-being through passive interventions (using motor assistive devices, functional electrical stimulation), active interventions (such as stepping exercises, outdoor walking, etc.), and mixed interventions (combining exercise and functional electrical stimulation, exercise and sports assistive devices).