Objective To develop a Chinese expert consensus on comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation awakening therapy for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDoC) using an evidence-based approach.
Methods A core working group for the consensus was established. Combining the latest domestic and international advancements with clinical practice experience, preliminary recommended opinions were formulated focusing on two core topics: comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation for pDoC patients. After two rounds of online and offline expert consultation and discussion, all the final recommended opinions received up to more than 70% of agreement.
Results The development of rehabilitation strategies for pDoC patients should be in team-work, led by rehabilitation physicians, involving physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, nurses, neurologists, internists, nutritionists, social workers, and other professionals. Ten consensus opinions and six recommended treatment parameters were developed for comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation for pDoC patients.
Conclusion The expert consensus on comprehensive rehabilitation and non-invasive neuromodulation for pDoC patients provides a standardized guidance to promote the standardized management of clinical rehabilitation, and provide references for developing individualized rehabilitation strategies.

Objective To develop an expert consensus on telerehabilitation management for stroke patients using evidence-based methods.

Methods The Delphi method was adopted to form a list of questions and recommended opinions. The GRADE system was used to assess the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. The results of the expert consensus were reported in accordance with the RIGHT checklist.

Results A telerehabilitation medical team composed of rehabilitation physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, psychological therapists and rehabilitation specialist nurses, etc., would provide services for the stroke patients if outpatient rehabilitation and short-term inpatient rehabilitation could not fully meet the needs. A total of 17 consensus opinions were formed covering four domains: overview, scope of application, implementation and management.

Conclusion Expert consensus has been reached on issues related to the standardized implementation of telerehabilitation for stroke patients, which is conducive to improving the quality and safety.

Objective To rexplore the content structure characteristics and psychometric properties of assessment scales for fundamental movement skills (FMS) in school-aged children, based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) framework.
Methods Literatures on assessment scales for FMS in school-aged children were retrieved from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBase, PsycINFO, CNKI and Wanfang data from inception to July, 2025. The contents of the included scales were analyzed using the ICF-CY linking rule. The COSMIN RoB tool was used to assess the psychometric properties of the scales, and the GRADE system was applied to evaluate the overall quality of evidence.
Results A total of 29 studies were included, involving six assessment scales: Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2), Canadian Assessment of Movement Skill and Agility (CAMSA), Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), Motorische Basiskompetenzen test Battery (MOBAK), and Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3). In the ICF-CY linking analysis, all six tools addressed joint mobility functions (b710) and joint stability functions (b715), while five of them also involved hand and arm use (d445). The number of linked items ranged from 5 to 11. BOT-2 and TGMD-3 linked to 11 items, showing broad coverage; BOT-2 focused more on the body function dimension, whereas TGMD-3 emphasized activity and participation dimensions, especially the performance of hand function in daily activities. In bias risk assessment, TGMD-3 showed the lowest risk (50% rated A and 50% rated B), while MABC-2 had the highest proportion of C ratings (55.6%), followed by BOT-2 (33.3%). In evidence grading, TGMD-3 was rated high quality, KTK moderate, BOT-2 and CAMSA low, and MABC-2 and MOBAK very low.
Conclusion TGMD-3 is recommended as the primary tool for assessing FMS in school-aged children for broad coverage of ICF-CY items, strong psychometric properties and high evidence quality. KTK, with moderate evidence quality, may serve as a secondary option, but should be used cautiously in China. Although CAMSA is easy to administer, its validity and reliability are low, so it is only suitable for rapid classroom screening. BOT-2, despite covering more ICF-CY items, has a higher bias risk and low evidence quality. MOBAK and MABC-2 have very low evidence quality and are not recommended for current use.

Objective To analyze the application trends and research hotspots of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology in stroke rehabilitation over the past five years.

Methods Relevant literatures on the use of BCI in stroke rehabilitation published between January, 2021 and August, 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace 6.4.R1 was used for visualization analysis.

Results A total of 458 papers were included. The annual number of publications remained at a high level. China was the leading country in publication output, with Fudan University and Aalborg University as the top institutions. The most prolific author was Mads R. Jochumsen, while G. Pfurtscheller had the highest citation frequency. The keywords and burst terms with the highest frequency in this field were brain-computer interface, motor imagery, upper limb and deep learning.

Conclusion Over the past five years, research on BCI in stroke rehabilitation has maintained a high publication volume. The research hotspots focus on innovations in BCI algorithm technology and multidimensional validation of neural mechanisms and rehabilitation efficacy.

Objective To explore the characteritics of spontaneous brain functional activities for patients with hand dysfunction after ischemic stroke using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).

Methods From August, 2024 to June, 2025, 23 patients with hand dysfunction after ischemic stroke were as patients group, and ten age-matched healthy adults were recruited as healthy control group. The patients group was assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and modified Lindmark Scale. All subjects underwent rs-fMRI examinations, and the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF), fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) were compared between two groups. The resting state functional network was constructed based on independent component analysis, and the functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed. The rs-fMRI indicators of the patients and the clinical scale scores were analyzed.

Results Compared with the healthy control group, the zALFF value decreased in the precentral gyrus (P < 0.05, FWE corrected) in the patient group, as well as the values of zfALFF in Cerebelum-Crus2-R (P < 0.05, FWE corrected), and ReHo values in the putamen (P < 0.05, corrected by Alpha Sim). FC of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFGoperc.R) in the executive control network enhanced (P < 0.05, Alpha Sim corrected), while FC of the middle occipital gyrus (MOG.L) in the dorsal attention network (DAN) weakened (P < 0.05, Alpha Sim corrected). There was a positive correlation between FC of MOG.L in the patient's DAN and the scores of FMA-UE (r = 0.439, P = 0.036), WMFT (r = 0.516, P =0.012), and modified Lindmark Scales (r = 0.425, P = 0.043).

Conclusion The resting state spontaneous activity of some brain areas of the cerebrum, cerebellum and basal ganglia is reduced in patients with hand dysfunction after ischemic stroke, and some brain network connections are abnormal. FC of MOG.L may serve as an objective imaging marker for evaluating hand dysfunction.

Objective To compare the effect between unilateral and bilateral upper limb training on motor function of severely hemiplegic upper limbs in subacute stroke patients after priming robot-assisted training.

Methods From September, 2023 to December, 2024, 60 inpatients with hemiplegia after stroke were recruited from Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, and randomly divided into control group (n = 30) and experimental group (n = 30). Both groups first received 30 minutes of upper limb robot-assisted training. Subsequently, the control group received movement-based unilateral upper limb training for 30 minutes, while the experimental group received activity-based bilateral upper limb training for 30 minutes, for three weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Hong Kong version of the Functional Test for the Hemiplegic Upper Extremity (FTHUE-HK) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment.

Results The scores of FMA-UE, FTHUE-HK and MBI improved in both groups after treatment (t > 4.020, P < 0.01), and all the scores were better in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.456, P < 0.05).

Conclusion Activity-based bilateral upper limb training after priming robot-assisted training is more effective on motor function of severely hemiplegic upper limbs in stroke patients.

Objective To compare the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the forearm flexors, and their combined intervention on grip strength and cerebral cortical activation in healthy young adults.
Methods From December, 2024 to March, 2025, twelve healthy right-handed young volunteers aged 20 to 23 years were recruited from the Fifth Hospital of Xiamen. They were randomly assigned to receive tDCS alone (tDCS group), FES alone (FES group), or simultaneous tDCS-FES (Sim group) in a crossover design. For tDCS, synchronous bihemispheric stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) was applied (anode on the left/cathode on the right). FES was delivered to the right flexor carpi radialis and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. Isometric maximal grip strength was measured before and after each intervention, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to synchronously monitor oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂) during grip strength tasks.
Results A case dropped down. The effect of time on grip strength was significant (F = 3.964, P = 0.048); Post-hoc tests revealed that grip strength significantly increased after intervention in both FES group and Sim group (P < 0.05). The effect of groups was significant on HbO₂ of the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left premotor and supplementary motor cortex (PMC) (F > 3.613, P < 0.05); Post-hoc tests revealed that the HbO₂ of the left PFC and left primary sensory cortex was higher in FES group than in Sim group, while the HbO₂ of the left PMC and right PMC was higher in tDCS group than in Sim group (all P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that the grip strength was positively correlated with the HbO₂ of the bilateral M1 only in Sim group (r > 0.694, P < 0.05).
Conclusion For healthy young adults, tDCS alone mainly activates motor-related brain regions such as PFC and PMC, while FES alone directly enhances peripheral muscle force output and activates the left PFC to participate in motor regulation. The combined intervention achieves the maximum gain in grip strength through a brain-limb integrated regulation mechanism, which may be associated with optimization of neural resource and M1 activity.

Objective To conduct a systematic review of the preventive effect of exercise interventions on sport-related concussions (SRC).
Methods Literatures about the preventive effect of exercise interventions on SRC were searched in databases including CNKI, Wanfang data, VIP, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EBSCO, with the search scope covering from the establishment of the databases to July 22, 2025. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using PEDro Scale, and relevant data were extracted following the PRISMA guidelines for a systematic review.
Results A total of 29 studies were included. Among them, studies with individuals as the analytical unit included 3 892 participants; studies with teams as the analytical unit involved 41 clubs. Participants came from countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, New Zealand, Australia, Canada and Germany. The studies spanned from 2004 to 2025. The scores of PEDro scale was four to eight. Intervention methods comprised traditional neck resistance training, dynamic neck resistance training and injury prevention programs. Traditional neck resistance training (primarily using bodyweight or elastic bands, often involving isometric contractions) typically featured 15 to 35 minutes per session, two to three times per week, for four to 16 weeks. Dynamic neck resistance training (involving multi-plane isometric or isokinetic exercises using specialized equipment) typically featured ten to 40 minutes per session, two to three sessions per week, for six to 14 weeks. Injury prevention programs (incorporating neck exercises before/after routine training, integrating neuromuscular control, balance training, perturbation training and technique optimization) typically featured 15 to 20 minutes per session, two to three sessions per week, for three to nine months in the season. Neck strength gains were most robust across all three intervention types, with dynamic training yielding greater multidirectional strength gains compared to traditional training. Some studies also observed improvements in key head kinematic parameters through exercise interventions, particularly for individuals using injury prevention programs and those with baseline weak neck strength. A small number of randomized controlled trials confirmed that injury prevention programs reduced SRC incidence, demonstrating a dose-response relationship where greater benefits correlated with higher adherence.
Conclusion Most studies confirm that exercise interventions are effective on preventing SRC, though some individual studies remain controversial. Standardized, sustained and well-adhered-to exercise interventions can reduce SRC risk, which should be promoted as a primary prevention strategy at the team level.

Objective To investigate the immediate effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with seated Taijiquan Yunshou training under different sequences on cerebral cortical activation in stroke patients with hemiplegia.
Methods From September to December, 2024, 14 stroke inpatients with hemiplegia were enrolled from the Fifth Hospital of Xiamen. Based on the routine medication and rehabilitation, the patients were randomly assigned to a specific intervention sequence, receiving three interventions in a fixed order: tDCS followed by Yunshou (S-Y group), Yunshou followed by tDCS (Y-S group), and simultaneous tDCS and Yunshou (Sim group). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to detect oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂) concentration in bilateral sensorimotor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex before and after each intervention.
Results Three patients dropped out. In all the regions of interest, inter-group effects were significant in HbO₂ concentrations (F > 3.697, P < 0.05), and interaction effects were significant in some brain regions (F > 3.276, P < 0.05). Post-hoc test showed a general trend of Sim Group ≥ S-Y Group > Y-S Group (P < 0.05), although some variations existed across different brain regions.
Conclusion Both simultaneous intervention (tDCS and Yunshou) and tDCS followed by Yunshou are more effective on immediate activation of key motor-related cortices in stroke patients with hemiplegia than Yunshou followed by tDCS intervention.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of threshold inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary rehabilitation in postoperative lung cancer patients, with a focus on exploring the difference in efficacy under different intervention modes.
Methods Randomized controlled trials on the effect of threshold inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary rehabilitation in postoperative lung cancer patients were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang data, VIP and China Biomedical Literature Database. Meanwhile, gray literature from ProQuest and clinicaltrials.gov was searched as supplements. The retrieval period was from the establishment of each database to May 9, 2025. Cochrane 5.1.0 was used to evaluate the quality of literature, and a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.
Results Twelve studies involving 701 patients were included, all of which were of moderate to high quality. Threshold inspiratory muscle training could reduce the pulmonary complications of postoperative lung cancer patients (OR = 0.45, 95%CI 0.29 to 0.68, P < 0.001), shorten the hospital stay (MD = -1.85, 95%CI -3.29 to -0.42, P = 0.010), improve the inspiratory muscle strength (MD = 5.84, 95%CI 0.96 to 10.71, P = 0.020), enhance their exercise endurance (SMD = 0.40, 95%CI 0.10 to 0.71, P = 0.010), and did not increase the risk of pulmonary air leakage (OR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.47 to 1.63, P = 0.680). Subgroup analysis revealed that shortening of hospital stay (MD = -2.98，95%CI -5.87 to -0.09, P = 0.040) and the improvement in exercise endurance (SMD = 0.57, 95%CI 0.14 to 1.00, P = 0.009) were significant only when threshold inspiratory muscle training was combined with aerobic exercise. However, standalone threshold inspiratory muscle training showed no statistical significance in these two outcomes.
Conclusion Threshold inspiratory muscle training can effectively reduce postoperative pulmonary complications and improve inspiratory muscle strength in postoperative lung cancer patients with good safety. Threshold inspiratory muscle training could shorten hospital stay and improve exercise endurance only when combining with aerobic exercise.

Objective To explore the effect of cognitive-motor dual tasks with different cognitive loads (none, simple and difficult) on activation of prefrontal cortex and static posture control in young man.

Methods From June to July, 2024, 27 healthy male college students were recruited in Hebei Normal University. Static postural control parameters (C90 area), lower limb electromyography data (muscle energy proportion) and prefrontal cortex hemodynamic signals of subjects under single task without cognitive load, dual-task with simple cognitive load, and dual-task with difficult cognitive load were collected using a balanced testing and training system, a wireless surface electromyography device, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy technology.

Results The C90 areas of dual-tasks with simple and difficult cognitive load were smaller than that of the single task without cognitive load (P < 0.05). The proportion of β band energy in the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in the dual-task with simple cognitive load was greater than that in the single task without cognitive load (P < 0.05), while the proportion of piper band energy in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior muscle was less (P < 0.05). During dual-task with difficult cognitive load, the activation levels of bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were higher than those in the single task without cognitive load (P < 0.05).

Conclusion Dual tasks with appopriate cognitive loads are effective on postural stability in young man. Simple cognitive load promote posture maintenance through optimizing the neuromuscular control of the lower limb muscle groups, while difficult cognitive load through activating the right prefrontal cortex involved in working memory and executive control, involving the neurocognitive compensatory.

Objective To explore the effect of scalp combined with intradermal-needle acupuncture synchronized rehabilitation therapy on upper limb motor function in stroke patients.
Methods From December, 2022 to December, 2023, 144 stroke patients with upper limb motor dysfunction in the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were randomly divided into control, intradermal-needle, scalp-acupuncture and acupuncture groups (36 cases repectively). All groups received conventional treatment and upper limb rehabilitation training, the intradermal-needle group added intradermal-needle therapy, the scalp-acupuncture group added scalp-acupuncture therapy, and the acupuncture group added both scalp- and intradermal-needle therapies, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment. Twenty cases were selected randomly from each group, fractional anisotropy (FA) values and ratio of fractional anisotropy (rFA) of the lesion area and the posterior limb of the internal capsule were also measured with diffusion tensor imaging.
Results Two cases dropped out in both the control group and the intradermal-needle group, while one case dropped out in both the scalp-acupuncture group and the acupuncture group. All groups showed significant improvement in FMA-UE, WMFT and MBI scores, as well as in the FA and rFA values of the lesion area and the posterior limb of the internal capsule (t > 5.532, P < 0.001) after treatment. The acupuncture group demonstrated the greatest pre- to post-treatment differences in FMA-UE scores, lesion-area FA and rFA values, and posterior-limb rFA values compared with the other three groups (|Z| > 3.256, P < 0.05), and more WMFT and MBI improvements than those of the intradermal-needle group and the control group (|Z| > 5.483, P < 0.001). A significant interaction effect was observed between intradermal and scalp acupuncture in improving FMA-UE scores (partial η² = 0.035, P = 0.029). The change in FMA-UE scores was positively correlated with the change in FA values of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (r > 0.453, P < 0.05) across four groups.
Conclusion Scalp combined with intradermal-needle acupuncture synchronized rehabilitation therapy can more effectively improve upper-limb motor function in stroke patients, which may associate with the recovery of internal capsule.

Objective To systematically compare the efficacy of different virtual reality (VR) technologies on motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) through a network meta-analysis (NMA).

Methods Following the PRISMA-NMA guidelines, randomized controlled trials (RCT) that compared the effect of at least two interventions on motor function in patients with PD were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang data and VIP. The interventions included immersive virtual reality (IVR), non-immersive virtual reality (VRT), augmented reality (AR), treatment as usual (TAU) and active control (AC). The primary outcomes included Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part Ⅲ (UPDRS-Ⅲ), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). A frequentist-based random-effects model was used to conduct NMA, and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was used to rank the interventions.

Results A total of 20 RCT involving 890 patients were included. IVR performed best in improving the score of UPDRS-Ⅲ (SUCRA = 97.7%) and was significantly superior to TAU (SMD = -0.82, 95%CI -1.28 to -0.37). IVR showed the highest probability of being the best option for the score of BBS (SUCRA = 85.2%) and was significantly superior to TAU (SMD = 3.94, 95%CI 1.08 to 6.80). IVR performed best in the outcome of TUGT (SUCRA = 95.1%) and was significantly superior to VRT (SMD = 1.06, 95%CI 0.40 to 1.72), AR (SMD = -1.09, 95%CI -1.98 to -0.19) and TAU (SMD = -1.38, 95%CI -1.95 to -0.82). However, subgroup analysis revealed that the efficacy advantage of IVR was mainly confirmed in short-term (four to six weeks) interventions, while the evidence for long-term efficacy was currently very limited.

Conclusion The efficacy of interventions on motor rehabilitation in patients with PD appears to be positively correlated with the technology's level of immersion. As the most immersive technology, IVR is the optimal choice for improving overall motor function, balance and mobility in patients with PD. VRT and AR serve as effective adjuvants and are superior to TAU.

The theoretical framework of the integrated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine brain-limb coordinated rehabilitation encompasses twelve intervention models, formed by combining four spatial combinations (brain-area Western medicine/TCM + upper/lower limb intervention of TCM/Western medicine) and three temporal sequences (brain-first, limb-first and simultaneous), exhibiting significant condition dependence (e.g., types of disease, treatment course, baseline status) and population heterogeneity. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with limb rehabilitation can produce synergistic effects in some cases, but may also result in limited benefits or antagonistic effects. Currently, there is a particular lack of clinical studies that systematically compare the effects of different temporal sequences (brain-first, limb-first, simultaneous). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy has been relatively maturely applied to reveal the brain function regulation mechanisms underlying brain-limb coordinated rehabilitation.

Objective To investigate the current status of assistive device adaptation among people with dysfunction in China, identify unmet assistive needs for assistive products, and determine key factors influencing attitudes toward assistive device use.

Methods Based on data from the Chinese segment of the Global Rapid Assistive Technology Assessment (rATA) survey, 5 935 individuals with dysfunction from Beijing, Anhui, Fujian, Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi were included. The adaptation status of assistive devices was analyzed, and a theoretical framework was constructed using the technology acceptance model. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to identify factors influencing attitudes toward assistive device use.

Results The utilization rate of rehabilitation assistive devices among people with dysfunction was 65.9%, with a notable prevalence of multiple functional impairments. Fit rate was the highest (68.44%) in individuals with visual impairments, while those with communication impairments had the lowest (1.52%). Fit rates were significantly lower among rural residents and older adults. Overall satisfaction with assistive devices was relatively high (4.11±0.71). Accessibility of the home environment (B = 0.396, P < 0.001), accessibility of the public environment (B = 0.204, P < 0.001), functional utility of assistive devices (B = 0.204, P < 0.001), and distance to obtain the devices (B < -0.112, P < 0.01) were key factors affecting satisfication toward assistive device use, while the source of payment showed no significant impact (P > 0.05).

Conclusion Significant structural imbalances and group disparities exist in the adaptation of assistive devices among people with dysfunction in China. The phenomenon of multiple functional impairments has not received sufficient attention, and there remains a substantial unmet need for assistive products among non-fitted groups. Although overall satisfaction with assistive devices is high, influencing factors are complex. Continuous improvement of accessibility in both private and public environments, promotion of personalized adaptation services, and optimization of assistive device service networks are essential to enhance adaptation accuracy, sustained use, and subjective well-being among people with dysfunction.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on respiratory function, cough ability and swallowing function in patients with Parkinson's disease, and to compare the efficacy of different types of exercise interventions.

Methods After constructing a PICO framework, randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the effects of exercise on respiratory function in Parkinson's disease were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP and CBM databases from the establishment of the databases to July 25th, 2025. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 5.1.0 and PEDro scale. RevMan 5.3 was used to create risk of bias graphs, and Stata 17.0 was used for meta-analysis.

Results A total of eleven RCT involving 471 patients were included, with PEDro scale score of five to eight. Exercise interventions significantly improved forced vital capacity (FVC) (MD = 0.42, 95%CI 0.27 to 0.58, P < 0.001), forced expiratory volume in first second (MD = 0.32, 95%CI 0.24 to 0.39, P< 0.001), slow vital capacity (MD = 0.80, 95%CI 0.68 to 0.93, P < 0.001), maximal inspiratory pressure (MD = 11.53, 95%CI 7.45 to 15.60, P < 0.001), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) (MD = 16.75, 95%CI 11.90 to 21.60, P < 0.001), and peak expiratory flow (MD = 55.77, 95%CI 49.87 to 61.66, P < 0.001) in patients with Parkinson's disease. Respiratory muscle training (RMT) significantly improved reflex peak cough flow (MD = 3.51, 95% CI 2.40 to 4.61, P < 0.001) and voluntary peak cough flow (MD = 3.09, 95% CI 2.12 to 4.06, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that RMT was superior to non-ventilatory specific exercise (NVS) in improving MEP (P < 0.05), whereas NVS was superior to RMT in improving FVC (P < 0.05).

Conclusion Exercise interventions can effectively improve respiratory function in patients with Parkinson's disease. NVS shows better efficacy in improving pulmonary function, while RMT can enhance cough ability, with more significant effect on respiratory muscle strength.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) treatment strategy based on bimodal balance model on upper limb dysfunction after ischemic stroke.

Methods From October, 2023 to December, 2024, 60 patients with ischemic stroke in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were randomly divided into control group (n = 30) and experimental group (n = 30). Both groups received basic rehabilitation, the control group received tDCS based on the theory of interhemispheric competition model, and the experimental group received tDCS based on the theory of bimodal equilibrium model, for four weeks. Before and after intervention, the effect of both groups was evaluated using Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and modified Barthel Index (MBI). Neurophysiological parameters such as cortical latency (CL) and central motor conduction time (CMCT) were detected and correlated analysis was performed.

Results Two cases in the control group and one in the experimental group dropped down. After intervention, the scores of FMA-UE, ARAT and MBI increased in both groups (|t| > 13.748, P< 0.001), and the above scores were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.321, P< 0.05); the MAS grade of the elbow flexor muscle group improved in the experimental group (|Z| = 2.095, P< 0.05). The CL and CMCT in both groups decreased (|t| > 2.752, P< 0.001), and they were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.082, P< 0.05). There was a correlation between FMA-UE and CMCT (r = -0.433, P< 0.05).

Conclusion tDCS based on bimodal balance model can improve upper limb dysfunction more effectively in patients with ischemic stroke.

Objective To systematically investigate the impact of music intervention on neuroplasticity in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Methods PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang data and VIP were searched for studies published up to February, 2025. They were analysed using GingerALE 3.0.2 for meta-analysis.
Results Five fMRI studies were included, involving 134 participants (99 with AD). A total of 49 activation coordinates were extracted. The main activation regions in the healthy group were concentrated in the left precuneus, the right inferior frontal gyrus and the right superior temporal gyrus, while the primary activated regions in AD group shifted to the right operculum and adjacent right insula, left superior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus, indicating that during music processing, neural activation patterns in AD patients shifted from higher-order associative cortices to subcortical structures, accompanied by compensatory changes in frontal lobe activation and a loss of activation in the parietal lobe, particularly in the precuneus.
Conclusion Music intervention can activate the relatively preserved subcortical-limbic system in patients with AD and promote compensatory reorganization of the frontal lobes.