福利机构成年残疾人照护服务需求分级评估工具研制

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2025.07.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To develop a tool for assessing the needs for care services for adults with disabilities in welfare institutions, and formulate criteria for classifying care needs.

Methods Based on the theory of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, the core contents of domestic and international care service assessment standards were analysed, and the first draft of the assessment tool was formed integrating with the current practice of welfare institutions. A total of eleven experts in the field of care services validated the first draft, and the assessment tool was revised according to the experts' opinions. From May to June, 2024, 340 adults with disabilities from Second Social Welfare Institute of Shanghai were graded to analyze the reliability and validity of the assessment tool. And then, 1 046 subjects from Second Social Welfare Institute of Shanghai were graded using the assessment tool, and the scoring intervals for the five levels of care were determined using cluster analysis.

Results The assessment tool included four first-level dimensions, eleven second-level dimensions, 39 third-level dimensions and 43 indicators. The coefficients of variation of each dimension and indicator were less than 0.25 for expert validation, while the average score of the importance of each indicator was above 4.63, with a full score rate more than 0.86. The overall Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.956, the test-retest reliability was 0.997, and the content validity index of each indicator was 0.83 to 1.00. The exploratory factor analysis extracted four common factors, with a cumulative variance contribution of 86.679%; the loading coefficients of indicators were 0.675 to 0.878, and the correlation coefficients among the dimensions were 0.325 to 0.476. Cluster analysis determined the level of institutional care needs as level 1 (severe), level 2 (medium-heavy), level 3 (medium), level 4 (light-moderate), and level 5 (light).

Conclusion The needs assessment tool for care services for adults with disabilities in welfare institutions developed in this study is good in reliability and validity, and can be used in guiding the care services provided for people with disabilities more efficient and targeted.

Key words: adults, people with disabilities, institutional care, assessment tools, grading care needs, reliability, validity

CLC Number:

R197.1

SUN Jiayao, MA Chunhua, LÜ Jun, TANG Qi, SHAO Zhimin, HU Kangning, HUANG Haoying, HUANG Aihua. Development of a needs assessment tool for grading care services for adults with disabilities in welfare institutions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, 2025, 31(7): 802-811.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Table 2

Needs assessment indicators for institutional care services for adults with disabilities"

一级维度	二级维度	三级维度	评估指标
疾病严重程度	意识功能	睁眼反应	睁眼反应如何?
		言语反应	言语反应如何?
		运动反应	运动反应如何?
	吞咽功能	吞咽情况	呛咳情况?
	四肢活动	关节活动能力	能否进行上肢屈伸运动?
		关节活动能力	能否进行下肢屈伸运动?
		肢体运动状况	能否完成床上翻身?
		肌力	肌力如何?
	视听说功能	视力	对视物对象有什么反应?
		听力	对声音有什么反应?
		语言功能	语言功能如何?
	基础疾病	慢性病种类	有无以下疾病?
ADL	基础性ADL	进食	能否独立完成进食?
		洗澡	能否独立完成洗澡?
		穿衣	能否独立完成穿衣?
		修饰	能否独立完成修饰?
		大便控制	能否控制大便?
		小便控制	能否自主控制小便?
		如厕	能否独立如厕?
		床椅转移	能否独立完成床椅转移?
		平地行走	能否独立完成行走?
		上下楼梯	能否独立上下楼梯?
	沟通能力	理解能力	对提出的简单问题能做出适当回答和反应?
		理解能力	完成两个以上连续指令
		阅读能力	阅读一小段文字能力如何?
		表达能力	表达个人爱好、需求能力如何?
精神心理功能	认知	注意力及计算能力	现在请您做一道计算题
	认知	记忆力	请您把这三样东西说一遍
	情绪	焦虑	是否出现焦虑情绪?
		烦躁	是否出现易激惹或不稳定情绪?
		情感淡漠	是否出现对周围漠不关心的情况?
	行为	语言攻击他人	是否出现经常与人争论的情况?
		行为攻击他人	有想打人或伤害他人的冲动的情况?
		自我伤害行为	是否有自我伤害行为?
		服用药物	是否有不主动配合按时服用药物的行为?
环境适应能力	社会交往	朋辈交往	和朋辈的交往情况?
	社会交往	机构工作人员交往	和机构工作人员交往情况?
	入住适应能力	睡眠状况	睡眠状况如何?
		遵守规章制度	能否自觉遵守规章制度?
		康复活动参与度	对机构安排的康复活动参与度情况如何?

Table 2

Table 3

Exploratory factor analysis results (n = 340)"

项目	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4	项目	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4
睁眼反应如何?	0.883	0.067	0.032	0.476	能否独立上下楼梯?	0.011	0.650	0.309	0.233
言语反应如何?	0.874	0.328	0.039	0.068	能否自主服用药物?	0.026	0.620	0.278	-0.298
运动反应如何?	0.826	0.284	0.260	0.381	提出简单问题能作出适当的回答?	0.389	0.500	0.991	0.281
吞咽情况如何?	0.821	0.006	0.168	0.105	能否完成两个以上连续指令?	0.402	0.518	0.975	0.282
能否进行上肢屈伸运动?	0.811	0.045	-0.090	-0.261	表达个人爱好、需求能力如何?	0.184	0.270	0.949	0.123
能否进行下肢屈伸运动?	0.792	0.104	0.030	-0.196	书写自己住址、姓名等能力如何?	0.162	0.189	0.899	0.043
能否完成床上翻身?	0.743	-0.016	0.157	-0.110	阅读一小段文字能力如何?	0.073	0.104	0.887	0.046
能否从坐位到站位?	0.722	0.277	0.094	0.154	注意力和计算能力如何?	-0.007	0.091	0.869	0.043
能否从卧位到坐位?	0.720	0.205	0.185	0.118	记忆力如何?	0.202	0.292	0.824	0.148
服务对象患肢肌力如何?	0.712	0.144	0.040	-0.108	是否出现焦虑情绪?	0.135	0.289	0.829	0.014
对视物对象有什么反应?	0.679	0.090	0.173	0.094	是否存在易激惹/不稳定情绪?	0.152	0.299	0.843	0.036
对声音有什么反应?	0.665	0.072	0.241	0.060	是否有想打人或伤害他人的情况?	0.179	0.085	0.811	0.087
对言语有什么反应?	0.602	0.050	0.341	0.036	是否有自我伤害行为?	0.265	0.044	0.769	0.103
能否独立完成进食?	0.087	0.882	0.389	0.274	是否抵触或拒绝他人照护?	0.314	0.092	0.745	0.160
能否独立完成洗澡?	0.055	0.857	0.020	0.251	是否出现经常与人争论的情况?	0.417	0.093	0.739	0.138
能否独立完成修饰?	0.449	0.854	0.017	0.341	是否出现对周围漠不关心的情况?	0.151	0.093	0.635	-0.003
能否独立完成穿衣?	0.154	0.816	0.045	0.282	和朋辈的交往情况如何?	0.390	0.043	0.462	0.896
能否自主控制小便?	0.116	0.732	0.261	0.285	和园区工作人员交往情况如何?	0.032	0.137	0.165	0.708
能否自主控制大便?	0.012	0.728	0.262	0.286	自身睡眠状况如何?	0.000	0.343	-0.070	0.645
服务对象如何如厕?	0.042	0.715	0.317	0.218	对安排的康复活动参与度情况如何?	0.087	0.160	0.003	0.618
能否独立完成床椅转移?	0.109	0.668	0.296	0.272	能否自觉遵守机构规章制度?	0.267	0.194	0.193	0.538
能否独立完成行走?	0.262	0.665	0.160	0.212

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Figure 1

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一级维度	功能障碍特征	照护需求	二级维度
疾病严重程度	脏器功能代偿^[6]	病情监测^[6]	意识功能
		呼吸道管理^[6]	吞咽功能
		营养支持^[6]	吞咽功能
		并发症预防^[6]	基础疾病
	运动功能损伤^[6]	运动支持^[6]	四肢功能
	运动功能损伤^[6]	皮肤护理^[6]	四肢功能
	感知觉功能损伤^[6]	感官训练^[6]	视听说功能
ADL	基础性ADL依赖^[7]	进食支持^[7]	基础性ADL
		穿衣辅助^[7]
		如厕管理^[7]
	移动功能受限^[8]	移动安全^[8]
	移动功能受限^[8]	环境调整^[8]
	沟通障碍^[8]	交流方式优化^[8]	沟通能力
精神心理功能	认知功能损伤^[9]	环境认知辅助^[9]	认知功能
	认知功能损伤^[9]	定向力维持^[9]	认知功能
	情绪异常^[10]	情绪检测与疏导^[10]	情绪功能
	情绪异常^[10]	心理干预^[10]	情绪功能
	行为异常^[11]	异常行为干预^[11]	行为
	行为异常^[11]	行为矫正训练^[11]	行为
环境适应能力	物理环境适应缺陷^[12]	环境适应能力调整^[12]	社会交往
	物理环境适应缺陷^[12]	环境过渡支持^[12]	社会交往
	社会支持利用不足^[12]	替代性社交支持^[12]	入住适应能力
	规则与制度理解困难^[12]	阶段性评估跟踪^[12]	入住适应能力

拟合指标	生理功能	日常活动能力	精神心理功能	环境适应能力
χ²/df	2.456	2.790	1.987	1.968
RMSEA	0.065	0.075	0.064	0.050
GFI	0.923	0.967	0.910	0.937
AGFI	0.912	0.912	0.922	0.916

领域	指标数	Cronbach α	折半信度	重测相关系数
生理功能	10	0.955	0.823	0.967
日常活动能力	14	0.952	0.819	0.843
精神心理功能	10	0.951	0.801	0.956
环境适应能力	15	0.954	0.887	0.892
总体	43	0.956	0.819	0.915

级别	生理功能	日常活动能力	精神心理功能	环境适应能力
1级(重度)	17.22±6.86	1.12±3.83	1.81±0.34	1.81±0.34
2级(中重度)	22.47±7.60	22.47±7.60	9.43±3.76	9.50±1.24
3级(中度)	30.14±4.44	56.77±6.82	9.82±3.62	9.70±1.41
4级(轻中度)	34.38±3.43	77.51±5.60	13.27±4.68	11.42±2.02
5级(轻度)	37.33±2.31	95.02±5.13	16.56±2.82	13.04±1.91
H值	352.60	982.35	276.46	318.99
P值	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

级别	生理功能	日常活动能力	精神心理功能	环境适应能力
1级(重度)	5~34	0~12	0~7	0~7
2级(中重度)	13~34	10~39	0~21	6~14
3级(中度)	20~38	40~69	2~19	5~12
4级(轻中度)	27~39	66~86	2~22	7~16
5级(轻度)	29~39	84~102	8~22	8~16

Development of a needs assessment tool for grading care services for adults with disabilities in welfare institutions

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