This article reviewed the literatures on brain plastic reorganization theory, time of treatment, Methods and techniques of rehabilitation treatment, which inclued Bobath, Brunnstrom, Rood, PNF, MRP, biofeedback electrical stimulation therapy, constraint induced movement therapy, nerve muscle electrical stimulation therapy, acupuncture, body weight support treadmill training, motor imagery therapy, robot assisted therapy, and comprehensive rehabilitation therapy. It can provide theory basis and technique for early rehabilitation treatment after stroke.

The concept of neurovascular units studies the interaction between neural cells and blood vessels, regards the blood-brain barrier as the core, and relates with the neurodegenerative diseases. This paper reviewed the relationship between neurovascular units and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc.

Based on some physiological events and two kinds of function, assistive and rehabilitative, brain-computer interface gives real-time, multi-sensor feedbacks to assist hand function, modulating patients' brain signals by the closed loop proprioceptive feedback. It can improve cerebral plasticity and remodeling, that comes a novel approach to hand rehabilitaion after stroke.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common types of disability affecting individuals in Western countries, and the assessment of LBP-related disabilities represents a significant challenge. The disability assessment scales in LBP are commonly used in clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as evaluation system for clinical research, such as Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS). This article focused on the clinical applications, reliability and validity, strength and limitations of these scales, to help the clinical application and scientific research for the LBP disability scale.

Neuromuscular disease (NMD) is a group of hereditary or acquired myopathy typically manifested as motor dysfunction. There is still no consensus in the standardized tools for evaluation of motor function. Among the tools widely used, Motor Function Measure can be used in all kinds of NMD, while North Star Ambulatory Assessment and Performance of the Upper Limb can be for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders and Upper Limb Module for spinal muscular atrophy.

The clinical evaluation methods of facial paralysis can be divided into functional evaluation scales, neuro-electrophysiological tests and computer evaluation systems. The commonly used function evaluation scales include House-Brackmann Grading Scale (HBGS), Burres-Fisch Facial Nerve Scoring System, Nottingham System, Sunnybrook facial grading System (SFGS), Degree of Facial Nerve Paralysis Hierarchical Scale, Facial Disability Index (FDI) and Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale, etc. Neuro-electrophysiological tests mainly consist of facial electromyography (EMG), electroneurography (ENoG), blink reflex (BR), and neural excitatory test (NET), etc. The computer evaluation system based on the sensor is mainly divided into the computer evaluation system based on infrared thermal image technology and the computer evaluation system based on biomedicine image recognition. This article briefly summarized the existing methods of facial paralysis evaluation in terms of sensitivity, stability, accuracy, ease of operation and economics.

The exercise prescription in the process of physiotherapy, including exercise intensity, exercise duration, frequency and type of movement, provide a consistent basis for rehabilitation to ensure the safety and efficacy of the treatment.

Objective To investigate the incidence and structure of mental disability in children with movement disorders. Methods 157 children with movement disorders (103 with cerebral palsy and 54 with mental retardation) were assessed with Gesell developmental schedules,and mental disability was identified as development quotient (DQ)<75. Results The incidence of intelligence disability was 92.2% in children with cerebral palsy, including 91.2% in spastic type, and 100% in dyskinetic, mixed or dystonic type. The development of gross motor was retarded in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and gross and fine motor in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy, compared with those with mental retardation. Conclusion It is important to focus the mental development in children with movement disorders, especially the dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Gesell developmental schedules should be used carefully to assess the mental development in children with movement disorder.

Intestinal flora plays an important role in the process of human health and disease conversion. It not only participates in a number of physiological processes in the host, but also affects the central nervous system (CNS) -related diseases, which may involve in neurotransmitter, immune, endocrine, metabolites, etc. Intestinal dysbacteriosis plays a role in the development of CNS diseases, such as ischemic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and mental disorders, etc. Fecal microbes transplantation, exercise training, acupuncture and Tuina therapy can improve the intestinal flora balance, which may be potential for the treatment and prevention of some nervous system diseases.

This paper reviewed the relevant literatures on physical therapy for post-stroke limb spasticity from Chinese Hospital Knowledge Database (CHKD) and PubMed since 2011, and summarized the pathology, examination, physiotherapy strategies and various physiotherapy methods. The physical therapy mainly included physical factor therapy, kinesiotherapy and manipulation therapy. It is necessary to optimize the selection of physical therapy strategies in clinical practice to improve efficiency of rehabilitation.

After retrieving the databases, as well as the official websites of institutes and administrations of physiotherapists, the qualifications, working conditions and career development in different countries, such as United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland and South Africa, were investigated and analyzed, which may give some implication for the improvement of physiotherapists system in China.

Objective To choose a better version of Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) to assess memory function of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods From April, 2015 to Febrary, 2017, 40 mild TBI patients and 40 healthy people were recruited as TBI group and control group respectively. Both groups completed the Chinese version of RBMT-II first, and 24 hours to 48 hours later, completed the Chinese version of RBMT-III. The raw score of each test and the number of perfect scores and floor performance were scored and compared. Results Compared with the control group, TBI group got lower scores in six subtests of RBMT-II (F>2.131, P<0.05) and twelve subtests of RBMT-III (F>2.035, P<0.05). Administration of the RBMT-III resulted in less participants performing at or near individual subtest's ceiling than RBMT-II, mainly in the picture recognition, face recognition, the line instant memories, the line delay memories, letters delayed recall and orientation date (Z>2.117, P<0.05). Also administration of the RBMT-III resulted in less floor performance than those of RBMT-II, mainly in remembering the name and the appointment (Z>2.138, P<0.05). Conclusion RBMT-III has substantial improvement over the original RBMT-II, as it reduces the problem of ceiling and floor performance and the number of misclassifications.

Aging is associated with declines of the muscular strength and cardiorespiratory functions, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities. Frailty is a clinical geriatric syndrome characterized by decreases in the biological functional reserve and resistance to stressors, which puts older individuals at special risk of disability. To counteract the muscular strength and cardiorespiratory functions declines associated with aging, as well as to prevent and treat the frailty syndrome, the strength and endurance training seems to be an effective strategy to improve muscular strength and endurance performance. This article reviewed the exercise prescription in health and frail elderly subjects according to the current situation of the researches about muscular strength and cardiorespiratory function training. Based on the results found, for the healthy older adults, strength training should be performed at moderate- to high-intensity (60%-80% of 1 RM ), and moderate volume (2-3 sets per exercise, 2-3 times/week ). Also, endurance training should be performed at moderate- to high-intensity (60%-85% of VO_2max), and moderat volume (25-40 min). The frail older adults should exercise 2-3 times a week, for 45-60 min. Strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance training components should be incorporated, and strength and balance training should be emphasized.

At present, the mechanism of breathing trainer is not very clear, but it mainly bases on the neuromuscular plasticity of respiratory muscle. The breathing trainers appeared on the market mainly included resistance load or threshold load breathing trainers, abdominal breathing trainers, multifunctional breathing trainers, and new breathing trainers. However, the efficacy of breathing trainer on the stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains uncertain, and needs further researches.

Objective To investigate the changes of genus-level gut microbiome in patients with spinal cord injury and its significance in clinical rehabilitation.Methods Fecal samples were collected from 23 patients with spinal cord injury (patients group) and 21 healthy volunteers (control group). Gut microbiome was detected by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics methods such as species composition analysis and Random Forest were used to analyze the distribution and difference of genus-level gut microbiome between two groups. Results Compared with the control group, the increased important marker genera in the patients group were as follows: UBA1819, Ruminiclostridium 9, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group, Ruminococcus 2, Ruminococceae UCG-005, Ruminiclostridium 5, Flavonifractor belonging to Ruminococceae; Aglistes, dgA-11 gut group, Rikenaceae RC9 gut group belonging to Rikenellaceae; [Eubacterium] oxidoreducens group belonging to Lachnospiraceae; Intestinibacter belonging to Peptostreptococcaceae; Escherichia-Shigella belonging to Enterobacteriaceae; Tannerellaceae belonging to Parabacteroides (|U| > 1.962, P< 0.05). The decreased marker genera in the patients group was Fusobacterium of Fusobacteriaceae (|U| = -2.284, P< 0.05).Conclusion There are significant differences of gut microbiome in spinal cord injury patients. The relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae relating to depression, Ruminococcus relating to central nervous system diseases, and enteropathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella and Erysipelothrix increase; and the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and anti-inflammatory bacteria benefitting to the intestine decrease; which may play a role in clinic.

Dysphagia increases the risks of mortality and palindromia post stroke, and influences the rehabilitation and quality of life. All the patients with stroke need a set of clinical screening, and those positive would accept comprehensive evaluation, both bedside and laboratory. Many approaches have been used for dysphagic rehabilitation, but it is not clear what the best is.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to the sudden, threatening or catastrophic life events leading to delay and long-term persistence of mental disorders. Hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) may be involved in PTSD, but the exact pathogenesis is not entirely clear. Traditional Chinese Medicine, including Chinese herbs, acupuncture and emotion-thought therapy, are considered as the main methods for PTSD, which may play a role in neuroprotection, adjustment of learning-memory, anti-stress, adjusting HPA, etc.

This paper introduced a hand function rehabilitation system based on motor imagery (MI) brain-computer interface for hand function rehabilitation of stroke patients. The rehabilitation system contains three subsystems. Offline training subsystem displays the blank screen, a left or right hand movement video and arrow in turn, which respectively reminders patients to rest and make preparations for MI and instruct them how to do MI, and be doing MI. Finally, the patients' electroephalography (EEG) signals are acquired and processed to generate a recognition model. Model update online training subsystem presents the black screen and a left or right arrow, the meanings of which are the same as those in offline training subsystem. Then the acquired EEG signals are analyzed according to the established recognition model. Next, the analysis result is derived to control the hand movement video to be played. The video can also act as a visual feedback, which makes patients' EEG signals easier to be recognized. The updated and more effective recognition model is built at last. Virtual reality (VR) online training subsystem constructs 3D grid models of VR scene, a 3D man model and its hand animations in the 3Dmax. Then, all of them are imported into Unity3D. The control methods of the animations are also designed in Unity3D. In the end, the patients' EEG signals are analyzed according to the updated recognition model, thus controlling the hand movements of the 3D man in real time. The developed system has many characteristics, such as multilevel training and more immersion, which hopefully promotes the plasticity of central nervous system. The designed system provides new treatments for post-stroke hand function rehabilitation and further lays the foundation for family-mode rehabilitation.

Objective To observe the effect of two kinds of Kinesio taping methods on shoulder pain in hemiplegic patients with stroke during spasm period.Methods From October, 2015 to September, 2017, 75 stroke hemiplegic patients with shoulder pain during spasm period were randomly divided into group A (n=25), group B (n=25) and control group (n=25). Three groups were given conventional treatment, and group A and group B received two kinds of Kinesio taping methods, respectively. Before and four weeks after treatment, the shoulder pain was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the motor function of upper limb was assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and their activities of daily living was assessed with modified Barthel Index (MBI).Results After treatment, the score of VAS significantly decreased in all groups (P<0.001), and was lower in groups A and B than in the control group (P<0.05), especially in group A (P<0.01); the scores of FMA and MBI significantly increased (P<0.001), and was higher in groups A and B than in the control group (P<0.05), especially in group A (P<0.05).Conclusion Kinesio taping combined with rehabilitation training for the treatment of stroke patients following hemiplegia during spasm period can relieve the shoulder pain and improve the motor function of upper limb and activi ties of daily living. The curative effect varies with different taping methods.

Micturition is a complicated physiological activity and is controlled by many central pathways. With the application of positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), people can observe the activity of the brain during the course of micturition and urinary continence. This paper will review the physiological micturition and central pathways controlling for micturition.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disease. The etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Nowadays there is a lack of an effective molecular marker which can effectively assist the early diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. This article reviewed the pathological anatomy, diagnostic criteria, subtypes and clinical manifestations, imaging studies, scales evaluation, treatment and rehabilitation, complications and risk factors of PSP. Patients with PSP should be managed by a multidisciplinary team. The management of PSP should include the rehabilitation of disorder and palliative treatment, as well as support and education, to improve the quality of life for patients and their caregivers.

Objective To observe the effect of external phrenic nerve electrical stimulation on respiratory function for convalescent stroke patients.Methods From October, 2017 to July, 2018, 27 convalescent stroke patients were randomly divided into control group (n = 14) and observation group (n = 13). Both groups received routine rehabilitation, while the observation group accepted external phrenic nerve electrical stimulation additionaly. Their ventilation and respiratory muscle strength were measured before and four weeks after treatment. Results The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) improved in both groups after treatment (t > 5.075, Z = -3.366, P < 0.001), and improved more in FVC, FEV1, PEF and MIP in the observation group than in the control group (t > 0.921, Z = -2.746, P < 0.05). Conclusion External phrenic nerve electrical stimulation can improve ventilation and inspiratory muscle strength for convalescent stroke patients.