This article reviewed the literatures on brain plastic reorganization theory, time of treatment, Methods and techniques of rehabilitation treatment, which inclued Bobath, Brunnstrom, Rood, PNF, MRP, biofeedback electrical stimulation therapy, constraint induced movement therapy, nerve muscle electrical stimulation therapy, acupuncture, body weight support treadmill training, motor imagery therapy, robot assisted therapy, and comprehensive rehabilitation therapy. It can provide theory basis and technique for early rehabilitation treatment after stroke.

The literatures in the PubMed between 1954～2009 on following aspects, such as grip strength assessment tools and Methods , influence factors, endurance of grip strength, test reliability was reviewed. It showed that grip strength is influenced by many factors, and standardized procedure and method should be recommended in the clinical practice for accurate outcome.

ObjectiveTo apply the Schwann cell neurilemma channel(SCNC) in promoting the regeneration of injuried spinal cord.MethodsSpinal cords of rats after laminectomy at T8/9 were divided in 3 groups randomly: 10 rats were transplanted with SCNC(Group A);10 rats only made models(Group B);10 rats were as normal control group(Group C).All rats received behaviour survey and inclined plane test every week 8 weeks after operation.6 weeks after operation,they were measured with cortical somatosensory evoked potential(CSEP).And 8 weeks after operation,all specimens were studied histologically.ResultsCSEP could be recorded in group A and C,but not in group B.There were marked differenties between group A or C and group B in behavior survey,inclined plane test.Amount of nerve fibers regenerated through the injury gap in group A was significantly larger than that in group B.ConclusionSCNC could facilitate axonal regeneration and promote the repairing of injuried spinal cord.

This paper explored the background, framework and approach, contents and implementation of WHO Rehabilitation in Health System using approaches of ICF and WHO Handbook for Guideline Development. The actions and significances of implementations of seven recommendations and one good practice statements on assistive products had been discussed.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common types of disability affecting individuals in Western countries, and the assessment of LBP-related disabilities represents a significant challenge. The disability assessment scales in LBP are commonly used in clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as evaluation system for clinical research, such as Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS). This article focused on the clinical applications, reliability and validity, strength and limitations of these scales, to help the clinical application and scientific research for the LBP disability scale.

Objective To establish the nursing care for the patients with pulse steroid therapy, and to investigate its effect. Methods 78 patients who accepted pulse steroid therapy in the past 4 years were analyzed retrospectively, in which, 42 within past 2 years （2008 and 2007) were as pulse steroid nursing care group, and other 36 patients before 2 years (2007 and 2006) were as routine nursing care group. Results 3 weeks after the pulse steroid therapy, in pulse steroid nursing care group, proximal muscle weakness were found in 8 patents, insomnia in 18 patients; while in routine nursing care groups, proximal muscle weakness were found in 16 patents, and insomnia in 25 patients（P<0.05）. Conclusion Pulse steroid nursing care can reduce the incidence of muscle weakness and insomnia after pulse steroid therapy significantly.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sport injury, and knee functional scales play an important role in its evaluation and treatment. At present, there are varied scales focusing on this disease, in which only a few have been widely validated. This article introduced the clinical applied range, advantages and disadvantages, and advance of these scales including International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Cincinnati Knee Rating Scale, Lysholm Knee Scale, Tegner Activity Level Scale, Marx Activity Level Scale, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form, Knee Self Efficacy Scale, ACL Quality of Life Scale and Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport After Injury Scale. Additionally, the application principles were pointed out.

This paper assembled immunotherapy methods for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in recent years, including the treatment of acute stage, the prevention of relapse and the potential immunotherapy. The treatment of acute stage is mainly to inhibit inflammatory response and reduce aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody(Ab) titer, and this is done mainly by using high-dose hormone shock therapy and plasmapheresis. Remission treatment is to inhibit the proliferation of T cells and B cells and also remove B cells from the body, for the purpose of reducing the number of relapses. Azathioprine, rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil are mainly given during remission stage. The treatment of NMOSD will become more targeted/specific in the future. The mechanism of action of the new drug is mainly through blocking the binding of pathogenic AQP4-Ab and its antigen (Ag), reducing the generation of pathogenic AQP4-Ab, and blocking the downstream reaction after pathogenic Ab-Ag binding. The new drugs mainly include aquaporumab, tocilizumab, DNA vaccine, anti-CD₁₉ monoclonal Ab (MEDI-551), eculizumab and bevacizumab.

Intestinal flora plays an important role in the process of human health and disease conversion. It not only participates in a number of physiological processes in the host, but also affects the central nervous system (CNS) -related diseases, which may involve in neurotransmitter, immune, endocrine, metabolites, etc. Intestinal dysbacteriosis plays a role in the development of CNS diseases, such as ischemic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and mental disorders, etc. Fecal microbes transplantation, exercise training, acupuncture and Tuina therapy can improve the intestinal flora balance, which may be potential for the treatment and prevention of some nervous system diseases.

Objective To explore the effect of psychological intervention combined with comprehensive rehabilitation on depression after brain injury, and to analyze the psychological stressor.Methods A total of 62 patients with brain injury following depression included 21 cases for cerebral hemorrhage, 22 cases for cerebral infarction, and 19 cases for traumatic brain injury in our hospital from October, 2015 to December, 2017. The patients received comprehensive rehabilitation and psychological intervention for two weeks. They were assessed by the psychologist with Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HAMD) before and two weeks after intervention. The effect of all interventions was analyzed on the related psychological stressors on the base of ICF TBI coreset.Results The score of HAMD significantly decreased from (22.96±8.46) to (15.40±7.53) (t=11.709, P<0.001).Conclusion Psychological intervention combined with comprehensive rehabilitation can relieve the depression of brain injured patients.

Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved signaling pathway in evolution, which would be activated to play a role in apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, immune inflammation and others after ischemia. After acupuncture for ischemic stroke, the expression of Notch signaling pathways related factors increase, which may play a role in neurogenesis, ischemic tolerance, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and so on.

This article reviewed the main clinical manifestations, posture stability assessment and treatment progress of chronic ankle instability. In recent years, the evaluation methods of posture stability of chronic ankle instability has gradually adopted biomechanical testing and computerized dynamic balance test, which is more and more Objective and accurate. The training method has also evolved from simple static balance training to targeted dynamic posture stability training.

Chinese Medical therapy such as herbal treatment, acupuncture were used in rehabilitaion for spinal cord injury and proved effective. It is important to explore the advantage and disadvantage of them.

Objective To evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and aerobic combined resistance exercise (combined exercise) on blood lipids for patients with type 2 diabetes with network meta-analysis, to develop exercise prescription. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the above exercises for blood lipid in patients with type 2 diabetes were searched in databases of PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Springer Link, Science Direct, CNKI, Wanfang data and CBM, and were supplied by retrospective references. After evaluating the methodological quality of the RCTs, the data were analyzed with R-Studio, Stata 14.0 and Review Manager 5.3. Results A total of 21 RCTs were recalled, with 1735 patients. Two poor quality literatures were excluded based on sensitivity analysis. Compared with the control group, all three kinds of exercise significantly reduced the level of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, increased the level of high density lipoprotein, with good homogeneity. Rank probability graph showed that the combined exercise was the best for fasting glucose, total cholesterol triglyceride and high density lipoprotein, while aerobic exercise was the best for low density lipoprotein. Conclusion It is the best to select the combined exercise to improve fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein, and aerobic exercise for low density lipoprotein.

Objective To explore the effect of virtual reality treadmill training on balance and gait in stroke patients.

Methods From March, 2022, to March, 2023, 40 stroke patients in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University were randomly divided into control group (n = 20) and experimental group (n = 20). Both groups received routine rehabilitation training. The control group received ordinary treadmill walking training, and the experimental group received treadmill walking training with virtual reality, for two weeks. They were assessed with Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), and the envelope ellipse area, center of pressure (COP) average speed of movement, step length, stride length and stride width were compared between two groups before and after treatment.

Results After treatment, the scores of BBS and time of TUGT improved in both groups (|t| > 3.508, P < 0.01), and they were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 3.019，P < 0.01); there was no significant difference in the envelope ellipse area, COP average speed, and stride width between two groups (P > 0.05); however, the step length and stride width improved in the experimental group (|t| > 4.008, P < 0.01).

Conclusion Treadmill training with virtual reality can improve the balance and walking ability of stroke patients.

Objective To investigate the incidence and structure of mental disability in children with movement disorders. Methods 157 children with movement disorders (103 with cerebral palsy and 54 with mental retardation) were assessed with Gesell developmental schedules,and mental disability was identified as development quotient (DQ)<75. Results The incidence of intelligence disability was 92.2% in children with cerebral palsy, including 91.2% in spastic type, and 100% in dyskinetic, mixed or dystonic type. The development of gross motor was retarded in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and gross and fine motor in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy, compared with those with mental retardation. Conclusion It is important to focus the mental development in children with movement disorders, especially the dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Gesell developmental schedules should be used carefully to assess the mental development in children with movement disorder.

Objective To explore Rehabilitation 2030: international policy and development. Methods Literature review and policy research were used. Results This article analyzed the relationship between Rehabilitation 2030 and United Nation Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs), especially Goal 3, explained the significance of rehabilitation to implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), discussed Rehabilitation 2030 actions in awarenessraising, promotion of universal health coverage and accessibility of rehabilitation, development of governance of rehabilitation to enhance the quality and reduce the expense of rehabilitation, and construction of health information system inclusive to data of functioning and disability, and improvement of research of disability and rehabilitation using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model. Conclusion SDGs can be reached by actions of Rehabilitation 2030.

Now music therapy is widely used in health care and treatment and showes an exciting future.Music therapy is taking a new mode of biology-psychology-society.This article reviewed the development of music therapy in China and Western(mainly Europe and America),analyzed the existing problems and gave the possible solutions to promote its development.

This article summarized the application of Quality of Life in Parkinson's disease such as in therapy or nurse assessment, and discussed how it can be used to assess the effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Parkinson's disease, which suggest that a Sinicized Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) measure should be advanced.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on the ICF-CY, to discuss the approaches of physical activity and exercise rehabilitation for them.Methods The typical disabilities in children with ASD were analyze based on ICF-CY and literature review. The approaches of physical activity and exercise rehabilitation were discussed.Results There were two kinds of behaviors including repetitive behavior and communication impairments. The main functioning of children with ASD included special mental function and motor function in body function and body structure; interpersonal interactions, hand and arm flexibly use, walking and moving in activity and participation. Individualized physical activity plan for children with ASD should promote the development of motor skills, improve relevant functions and promote all-round developments.Conclusion It is useful to analyze the functioning and disability, to develop individualized plans of physical activity and sport rehabilitation, to improve total functioning and to promote all-round developments.

Objective To study the reliability of the four rating scales which are widely used. Methods 260 consecutive inpatients fromAug. 2007 to Oct. 2008 with white matter lesions were enrolled into the study. Interrater and intrarater reliability of four scales was analyzedby using kappa correlation. Internal consistency was expressed with Cronbach's α. Results All the scales have statistic significant interraterand intrarater reliability. Scale of Ylikoski has the best intrarater reliability and Cranach's α (intrarater reliability, kappa=0.656, P<0.01, Cranach'sα=0.901). Conclusion The four rating scales for white matter lesions have advantage and disadvantage. Disparate rating scales shouldbe used according to purpose of study.

Objective To observe the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 pretreatment on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, and to explore the possible mitochondrial mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods The spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury model was established. The rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=12), ischemia-reperfusion group (n=12) and drug group (n=12). The drug group received ginsenoside Rb1 peritoneal injection with 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, respectively, 30 minutes before modeling and once a day after modeling. After 48 hours of reperfusion, the BBB score was tested, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in the serum and spinal cord tissue, and the cytochrome C oxidase (COX) activity in spinal cord tissue were detected.Results Compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group, the BBB score increased (P<0.05), the SOD level increased, and the MDA level decreased both in serum and spinal cord tissue, the activity of COX increased in the spinal cord tissue (P<0.05). All the indexes were dose-dependent, however, no difference was found between 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg.Conclusion Ginsenoside Rb1 can inhibit oxidative stress induced by spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting mitochondrial damage. The protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on the spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury is dose-dependent during 10 to 40 mg/kg dose.

Objective To discuss the modification of the ASIA scale (version 2011) and the significance for clinical practice. Methods Through comparing the newest English version of ASIA scale to the previous version, we tried to find the difference between them and interpret the possible influence on clinical practice. Results The study found that there were 15 modifications found after comparing the two versions of scales. Some modifications were just descriptive, some were for emphasis, and the others were fundamental modification. Conclusion The ASIA Committee makes prudent modification according to the advice of the doctors worldwide in the past ten years to make scale more applicable for clinical practice. The modification will influence the neurological examination of spinal cord injuries in clinical practice and relative research

To summarize the methods and results of human motion intention recognition based on the surface electromyography.

Literatures were retrieved and reviewed from the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP until December, 2020. The experimental researches about human motion intention recognition based on surface electromyography were summarized.

The methods of motion intention recognition were divided into three models: musculoskeletal model, traditional machine learning model and deep learning model.

It is difficult to fully estimate human motion intention using surface electromyography in a single way. More researches are needed to develop more accurate and real-time human motion intention recognition methods.

Aging is associated with declines of the muscular strength and cardiorespiratory functions, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities. Frailty is a clinical geriatric syndrome characterized by decreases in the biological functional reserve and resistance to stressors, which puts older individuals at special risk of disability. To counteract the muscular strength and cardiorespiratory functions declines associated with aging, as well as to prevent and treat the frailty syndrome, the strength and endurance training seems to be an effective strategy to improve muscular strength and endurance performance. This article reviewed the exercise prescription in health and frail elderly subjects according to the current situation of the researches about muscular strength and cardiorespiratory function training. Based on the results found, for the healthy older adults, strength training should be performed at moderate- to high-intensity (60%-80% of 1 RM ), and moderate volume (2-3 sets per exercise, 2-3 times/week ). Also, endurance training should be performed at moderate- to high-intensity (60%-85% of VO_2max), and moderat volume (25-40 min). The frail older adults should exercise 2-3 times a week, for 45-60 min. Strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance training components should be incorporated, and strength and balance training should be emphasized.

Objective To observe the effects of trunk and ankle dorsiflexion training on the motor function of the hemiplegics affected lower limb. Methods 36 cases with hemiplegia were divided into two groups: treatment group (n=22) and control group (n=14). The treatment group accepted trunk and ankle dorsiflexion training, while the control group not. They were assessed with Ueda Assessment 2 months after treatment. Results 22 cases (100%) in the treatment group were grade 8 or higher, while 7 cases (50%) in the control group. Conclusion Trunk and ankle dorsiflexion training are important for the recovery of motor function in the hemiplegics.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including the familial and the sporadic, accounts for the most proportion of motor neuron disease. The pathogenesis of ALS covers gene mutation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune and inflammatory, and so on. With interplay and interrelation, these mechanisms, finally, caused multisystem lesion especially motor neural system.