Objective To investigate the effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) combined with robot-assisted therapy on upper limb function of subacute stroke patients.
Methods From March, 2022 to March, 2023, 60 subacute stroke patients from Dushu Lake Hospital and the First People's Hospital of Kunshan were randomly divided into control group (n = 20), robot group (n = 20) and combined group (n = 20). All the groups received conventional treatments including medication, physical therapy and occupational therapy; the robot group received sham taVNS combined with hand robot-assisted therapy; while the combined group received taVNS combined with hand robot-assisted therapy, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and hand part, the root mean square (RMS) electromyography of the extensor carpi radialis and extensor digitorum muscles during contraction, and the latency and amplitude of transcranial magnetic stimulation motor-evoked potential (TMS-MEP) before and after treatment.
Results After treatment, the scores of FMA-UE and hand part, RMS of the extensor carpi radialis and extensor digitorum muscles, and latency and amplitude of TMS-MEP improved in all the groups (t > 2.099, P < 0.05); and they were the best in all indicators in the combined group (F > 9.106, P < 0.001).
Conclusion taVNS combined with robot-assisted therapy can promote central nervous system remodeling and further improve upper limb function in stroke patients.

Objective To systematically review the effects of mind-body exercise on sleep quality, and to sort out the influencing factors of mind-body exercise intervention program. Methods Literatures about the effects of mind-body exercise on sleep were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang data from establishment to June 1, 2022. The author, country, publication time, study object, study method, intervention process, measurement tool and outcome index were extracted from the selected literature. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality. Results A total of 14 English literatures were included, all of which were randomized controlled trails, and the overall research quality was good. Mind-body exercise methods included Taijiquan, Qigong and Baduanjin. Most of the subjects were old and sick people. Physical exercise intervention with a duration of ten to twelve weeks, a single time of 60 minutes and at least two to three times a week could improve sleep quality to the greatest extent. The health status of the participants was an important factor affecting the effect of the intervention. Conclusion Mind-body exercise can improve sleep quality, relieve anxiety and depression, and promote mental health.

Objective To review the application of artificial intelligence in anxiety and depression among children and adolescents.

Methods PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang data were searched for literature related to artificial intelligence applied in of anxiety and depression among children and adolescents from January, 2014 to January, 2024, and a scoping review was conducted.

Results A total of ten papers were included, originating from the United States, China, Australia and France. These researches were primarily published in journals related to psychology, public health, clinical medicine, neuroscience and rehabilitation, involving six cross-sectional researches, three longitudinal researches and one interview, including 10 880 participants aged from three to 18 years. The types of data mainly included questionnaires/scales, interview data and brain imaging data. Features related to anxiety and depression were extracted from the data, and artificial intelligence were employed to develop models for the identification or prediction of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents.

Conclusion Artificial intelligence is potential for identifying or predicting anxiety and depression in children and adolescents.

Objective To explore the brain mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on dysfunction after stroke using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Literatures about the functional magnetic resonance imaging study about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for dysfunction after stroke were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang data from establishment to June 1st, 2021. The quality of the literature was evaluated with Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Literature screening, and data extraction were performed by two researchers. Results A total of 14 randomized controlled trials were finally enrolled. They were of high or very high quality. They mainly involved the therapeutic effect and imaging mechanisms of rTMS on dysfunction after stroke. Conclusion rTMS could change the excitability of the cerebral cortex and the effective connections between brain regions after stroke, promote the reorganization of brain function, and achieve the recovery of post-stroke dysfunction.

Objective To systematicly review the researches of gesture action intent recognition based on surface electromyography (sEMG).
Methods Experimental researches on gesture action intention recognition based on sEMG were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science. The literatures were screened, and the classification methods and other related factors were summarized.
Results A total of 735 researches were returned, and 25 researches were finally included. The publication time was mainly from 2012 to 2021. The subjects were healthy people or amputees. The classification model included traditional machine learning models and deep learning models. Other related factors included acquisition, noise interference and sliding window size.
Conclusion Traditional machine learning models based on sEMG signals have been maturely applied, and gesture recognition with deep learning models are of great potential. The individual differences of subjects, the real-time requirements of gesture classification and the stability requirements of sEMG devices still need to be addressed.

Objective To review the classification of orthopedic insoles, common techniques of 3D printing orthopedic insoles, common materials and their application for flatfoot.
Methods Literatures were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang Data from 2012 to 2022, and the relevant contents were summarized.
Results A total of ten studies were finally included, from 5 countries, involving 290 participants, which published from 2019 to 2022. Orthotic insoles were classified as prefabricated, semi-custom, and custom, while custom ones were classified as traditional custom and 3D printed custom. 3D printed orthotic insoles were often made with selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and PolyJet printing technologies, and commonly used materials included ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polylactic acid, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyamide, and polypropylene. For flatfoot, 3D printed orthotic insoles could improve plantar pressure, relieve foot pain and the combined use of insole posting could control rearfoot valgus.
Conclusion 3D printed custom insoles can be made more efficiently and accurately than traditional custom insoles. The printing technologies and materials often chosen for 3D printed orthotic insoles are mainly FDM and EVA. 3D printed orthotic insoles is effective on plantar pressure, comfort and foot movement function of flatfoot.

Objective To study the conceptual framework and methodological system of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in occupational therapy and its systematic implementation in clinical practice. Methods Based on the ICF theory and the policy documents of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists, the conceptual framework of occupational therapy and the systematic implementation in clinical settings based on the ICF framework were analyzed. Results This study constructed a conceptual framework and approach for occupational therapy based on ICF, and clarified the goals, principles, and implementation methods of integrated occupational therapy interventions in rehabilitation services. The goal of occupational therapy interventions was to improve the individual activity and participation through multidisciplinary and cross-cutting implementation of integrated occupational therapy programs to optimize functioning. Occupational therapy was based on the bio-psycho-social model, adhered to the principles of person-centeredness and functioning orientation, and implemented individualized intervention programs in different context. In clinical practice, it was recommended to follow ICF-based standardized process and systematically use World Health Organization Family International Classifications: functioning and unmet needs analysis using ICHI; functional classification, assessment and coding using ICF; disease classification, diagnosis and coding using ICD; intervention of occupational therapies using ICHI to build a systematic occupational therapy service system. Conclusion An ICF-based occupational therapy concept and methodological system has been built, a comprehensive clinical occupational therapy implementation model has been established, the goal of activity and participation oriented occupational therapy interventions has been clarified, and the systematic, structured, standardized and refined level of occupational therapy has been enhanced.

Objective To evaluate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods From May to October, 2021, twelve patients with T2DM were recruited with internet. An HIIT exercise intervention based on WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour and World Health Organization Family of International Classifications (WHO-FICs) was constructed. They received aerobic combined with resistance training in a multi-combination HIIT using whole-body exercise, 30 to 35 minutes a time, three times a week, for eight weeks. Before and after intervention, their blood glucose levels, lipid levels, pancreatic fat content and body composition were measured. Results One cased was dropped. After intervention, the fasting glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, hemoglobin A1c, fasting serum insulin, insulin resistance index, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, pancreatic fat content, body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage improved (t > 2.258, P < 0.05). Conclusion HIIT exercise intervention based on the Guidelines and WHO-FICs could improve the related functions of patients with T2DM, such as blood glucose levels, blood lipid levels, pancreatic fat content and body composition, and reduce the consumption of hypoglycemic drugs.

Objective To observe the effect of aerobic exercise on core symptoms and executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods From June, 2020 to December, 2021, 64 children with ADHD at outpatient in Dushu Lake Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 32) and observation group (n = 32). The control group sat down and watched the cartoon for 20 minutes, and the observation group performed cycling exercise while watching the cartoon, for twelve weeks. The core symptoms were assessed with Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ), while the inhibition, conversion and refresh functions were assessed with the psychological test software E-Prime 2.0 system. Results After twelve weeks of treatment, the PSQ factor scores decreased in the observation group (t > 4.775, P < 0.001), and were lower than that of the the control group (t > 3.184, P < 0.001). The response time and accuracy of inhibition, conversion, and refresh functions decreased in the observation group (t > 2.259, P < 0.05), and were lower than that of the control group (t > 2.007, P < 0.05). Conclusion Aerobic exercise could reduce the core symptoms of poor attention and hyperactivity impulsivity, and improve the executive functioning in children with ADHD.

Objective To explore the psychological and behavioral characteristics of understanding Chinese garden path sentences in children with high-functioning autism (HFA). Methods From April to August, 2019, 35 children with HFA and 35 age-matched typically developing (TD) children were recruited by social recruitment method in the Key Laboratory of Speech and Hearing of East China Normal University in Shanghai. The Garden Path Sentence Comprehension Test was designed based on the psycholinguistic method, and the mental process and the ability of understanding garden path sentences were tested by the agent task experiment paradigm. Finally, the processing strategies and error types of Chinese spoken garden path sentences for HFA children were explored. Results The score in understanding garden path sentences was lower (t = -2.941, P < 0.01), and the reaction time in processing garden path sentences was significantly longer (t = 6.132, P < 0.001) in HFA children than in TD children, however, there was no significant difference in the number of childern mastering garden path sentences between two groups (χ² = 2.954, P > 0.05). In terms of the error types of "animate noun + verb + animate noun + 's + noun" (AVA) and "animate noun + verb + inanimate noun + 's + noun" (AVI) garden path sentences, both groups showed more errors in "pursuit of correct word order" than in "pursuit of semantically correct" (t > 2.503, P < 0.05). In "inanimate noun + verb + animate noun + 's + noun" (IVA) sentences, HFA children showed less erros in "pursuit of correct word order" than in "pursuit of semantically correct" (t = -6.523, P < 0.001), however, no difference was found between them in TD children (t = 2.024, P > 0.05). Conclusion The processing and comprehension ability of Chinese spoken garden path sentences in HFA children aged five to seven yeas are poor. HFA children are more sensitive to semantics, and garden path sentences with semantic violations are more likely to lead to HFA children's understanding errors. In the garden path sentence patterns of AVA and AVI, HFA children appear similar sentence understanding and processing strategies as TD children. In the garden path of IVA, HFA children use a sentence processing strategy combining word order and semantics, but semantics play a more prominent role, while TD children use a more stable word order processing strategy.

Objective To summarize and evaluate the best evidence for postpartum physical activity and exercise regimens.

Methods Literatures of postpartum sports and exercise programs were searched from JBI, UpToDate, Cochrane Library, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(AHRQ), Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO), World Health Organization (WHO), Fitness Australia (FA), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, Medlive, CNKI, and Wanfang Data, from database inception to October, 2021. Two researchers independently evaluated the literature quality according to the tool of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Instrument (AGREE Ⅱ), A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR), and Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist.

Results A total of 15 articles were selected, including four randomized controlled trials, four systematic reviews, one cross-sectional study, one evidence summary, four guidelines, and one expert consensus. A total of 28 pieces of evidence were summarized, including the significance of postpartum physical activity and exercise, obstacle factors, assessment, exercise style, intensity and timing, and precautions.

Conclusion Knowledge of exercise after delivery is important to promote women's health and quality of life. It is recommended that the evidence be screened on a case-by-case basis and that an individualized programme of physical activity and exercise be developed.

Diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) is common in postpartum women. DRA seriously affects the physiological and psychological health of patients. Rehabilitation is the main intervention for DRA. It is necessary to clarify the effectiveness of different rehabilitation intervention. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and exercise therapy can effectively optimize DRA in postpartum period, but the best intervention is not clear. Multi-center researches with large sample should be conducted to compare the treatment parameters in the future.

Objective To observe the effects of specific exercise therapy on spinal deformity and joint hypermobility of idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods From April to October, 2021, 100 children with idiopathic scoliosis in the Scoliosis Rehabilitation Center of Xinhua Hospital were divided into control group (n = 50) and experimental group (n = 50), who accepted routine exercise therapy or scoliosis-specific exercise therapy in accordance with their wishes, for six months. The maximum Cobb angle and bone mineral density were measured, and they were assessed with Beighton Scale and Chinese version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 Questionnaire Scores (SRS-22) before and after treatment.

Results The change of the maximum Cobb angle was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.202, P < 0.05) after treatment, and the incidence of respondent was more (χ² = -2.405, P < 0.05). The bone mineral density decreased in the experimental group after treatment (|Z| > 2.127, P < 0.05). For SRS-22, the total scores increased in both groups after treatment (F_time = 106.57, P < 0.001), and increased more in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 4.969, P < 0.05); the scores of function domain and self-image domain increased in the experimental group (|Z| > 2.149, P < 0.05), while the mental health domain score decreased in the control group (Z = -2.096, P < 0.05); and the mental health domain score was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.260, P < 0.05).

Conclusion The scoliosis-specific exercise therapy is effective on spinal deformity and quality of life for children with idiopathic scoliosis, but less helpful for joint hypermobility and bone mineral density, which need to further improve.

Objective To develop basic training courses for family doctor teams for people with disabilities.

Methods Utilizing the methods and theories of the World Health Organization (WHO) rehabilitation competency framework (RCF), and referring to the WHO universal health coverage global competency framework, the rehabilitation competency characteristics of family doctor teams for people with disabilities in community settings were analyzed, and a basic training course system for these teams based on the RCF was developed.

Results and Conclusion Based on RCF, a competency framework for family doctor teams serving people with disabilities has been constructed. The objectives, content and training course system for basic rehabilitation training has been established.

Objective To observe the effects of inspiration, expiration, and the contraction of muscle groups outside the pelvis combined on Kegel exercise for contraction of pelvic floor muscles.

Methods From October, 2021 to February, 2022, 20 healthy female were invited to perform simple Kegel exercise, and Kegel exercise as inspiration or expiration, and/or with contraction of muscle group outside the pelvis (transverse abdominal muscle, hip adductors and hip extortors), while the maximum distance of bladder bottom up was measured with ultrasonography.

Results Compared with traditional Kegel exercise, the maximum distance of bladder bottom up was more as expiration, as well as with contraction of transverse abdominal muscle (P < 0.05).

Conclusion Kegel exercise as expiration or with transverse abdominal muscle contraction is more effective on pelvic floor muscle training.

Objective To describe the medical services, quality and safety of rehabilitation medicine departments in general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals in 2020 from the aspects of structure, link and outcome quality.

Methods Through the National Clinical Improvement System of the National Health Commission, all secondary and above general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals were investigated in 2021, the relevant data from 9 138 hospitals, including traditional Chinese Medicine hospitals and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine hospitals in 2020. A total of 2 676 sampling hospitals were equipped with rehabilitation medicine wards. After cleaning, a total of 2 268 samples of hospitals were included for analysis. Then, the setting of wards of rehabilitation medicine departments in 6 336 hospitals that participated in the questionnaire of rehabilitation medicine departments from 2017 to 2020 was analyzed.

Results Among the 9 138 general hospitals surveyed this year, only 2 676 had rehabilitation wards, and three general hospitals administrated to National Health Commision had not yet set up wards. In general hospitals, the average number of physicians per bed in 57.92% hospitals, the average number of rehabilitation therapists per bed in 80.44% hospitals, and the average number of nurses per bed in 53.92% hospitals did not meet the national requirements, and the average number of rehabilitation medical personnel per bed in rehabilitation medicine departments in different regions was significantly different. The rates of early rehabilitation intervention were 13.20%, 18.90% and 29.25% respectively in the department of orthopedics, department of neurology and department of intensive care in general hospitals. The average activity of daily living improvement rate of discharged patients from rehabilitation department of general hospital was 76.35%, and that of discharged patients from rehabilitation specialized hospital was 64.30%.

Conclusion Professional medical services and quality safety of rehabilitation medicine in China improve steadily, and the degree of homogenization is further strengthened. However, from the perspective of the current prominent problems, in 2020, most general hospitals in China have not configured the wards of rehabilitation medicine, and there are problems such as the total number of rehabilitation medical personnel in the country does not meet the requirements, uneven distribution, insufficient early intervention in rehabilitation, and room for improvement of rehabilitation treatment effect, which need continuous improvement.

Objective To analyze the effect of physical activity on executive function of children and adolescents, and sort out the related factors.

Methods Articles about physical activity intervention for children and adolescents on executive function were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library and PubMed, from January 1st, 2010 to June 30th, 2021. The articles were screened, evaluated and systematically reviewed.

Results A total of 21 articles were included, from eleven countries, including 13 randomized controlled trials, involving 2 496 subjects, aged five to 18 years. The articles were published from 2010 to 2019, with mean score of Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale as 5.57. The physical activity intervention mainly involved physical fitness, skills and sport games, with low to high intensity, eight to 120 minutes a time, one to five times a week, no more than ten months. Physical activity was indicated to improve the executive function, specifically inhibition control, working memory and cognitive flexibility, such as the improvement of the accuracy and reaction time of cognitive tasks, and activation of bilateral prefrontal cortex activity. Types, intensity, duration, frequency and cycle of physical activity, participant selection, and assessment tools were related to the effect of intervention.

Conclusion Physical activity can improve the inhibition control, working memory and cognitive flexibility of children and adolescents. The main factors related to the intervention effect are the physical activity elements, the participant's factors and the experimental design factors.

Objective To analyze the hotspots and frontiers of researches related to exercise intervention for spinal curvature abnormalities in children and adolescents.

Methods Articles related to exercise intervention for spinal curvature abnormalities in children and adolescents were retrieved from CNKI and Web of Science Core Collection, from January, 2014 to December, 2023. The literatures were analyzed wtih CiteSapce 6.2.R3 in terms of disciplines, countries, institutes and keywords.

Results A total of 233 articles were retrived, including 71 articles in Chinese and 162 articles in English. The annual publication volume was on the rise. China was the country with the highest number of publications. South Korea was seen a sudden increase in recent literature. For Chinese, the institutions with the largest number of publication were the Department of Health and Exercise Science in Tianjin University of Sport and Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital). While the institutions with the largest number of publication in English were Marmara University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The English literatures covered a wide range of disciplines, including clinical medicine, sports medicine, neurology and psychology. Common high-frequency keywords in both Chinese and English literatures were idiopathic scoliosis, Cobb's angle and Schroth exercise. The latest bursting words included physical health in Chinese, and health-related quality of life and respiratory muscle strength in English.

Conclusion The research popularity related to exercise intervention for spinal curvature abnormality in children and adolescents is generally on the rise. The research hotspots focus on four main areas: disease, quality of life, research advances and clinical treatment. More attention should be paid to the effect and dosage of exercise intervention on the respiratory function, as well as the effect of Chinese medicine exercise therapy on pediatric patients with abnormal spinal curvature diseases. Future work should focus on constructing an evidence-based Chinese/Western medicine exercise prevention and treatment system in the context of China's national conditions, advancing high-quality randomized controlled trials, strengthening interdisciplinary and international collaborations, and focusing on the development and evaluation of personalized exercise intervention programs.

Objective To explore the current status, hot spots and development of researches on post-stroke dysphagia in recent five years with visualization analysis.
Methods Researches on post-stroke dysphagia were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection, from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2021, and reviewed with CiteSpace 5.7.R5 software.
Results A total of 857 articles were included. The annual number of articles increased with time, published from 61 countries/regions, by 211 institutions and 247 authors. The United States, Japan and China were the most prolific countries, and the University of Manchester was the leading institution. The top three authors were Dziewas R, Wakabayashi H and Hamdy S. The keywords bursting in recent three years included prediction, severity, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, accuracy and early management; co-word clustering showed that researches might be mainly about neuromuscular electrical stimulation, swallowing screening, stroke-associated pneumonia, evidence-based practice, etc.
Conclusion The researches in the field of post-stroke dysphagia have been increasing.

Objective To explore the effects of dance intervention on cognitive function in children and clarify the design variables of dance intervention protocol.

Methods Literatures about effects of dance intervention on cognitive function in children were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang Data, with publication dates ranging from inception to June 1, 2022. They were screened and extracted authors, countries, years, samples, study designs, interventions, measurement instruments and outcomes. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of included literature.

Results Ten articles were enrolled, which were randomized controlled trial (RCT) and quasi-RCT for typically developing children and developmentally challenged children. The global PEDro score was good. Dance intervention protocol could be divided into four types: dance training course, dance rehabilitation program, dance breaks and aerobic dance. Dance training course was used in the majority of studies. Dance intervention in childhood positively influenced sensorimotor synchronization, attention and executive function. Further studies should pay more attention on the dose-response relationship between dance and cognitive function in children, as well as cognitive load during dance learning.

Conclusion Whether short-term or long-term, dance activity is a feasible and effective method to promote sensorimotor synchronization, attention and executive function in children; epecially on the sensorimotor synchronization, attention maintenance time and working memory capacity.

Objective To develop a systematic review of physical activity benefits for children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities and the PICO framework based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and to explore the health benefits of physical activity for children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Methods A systematic analysis of health and functional status, physical activity interventions, and physical activity benefits in children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities was conducted using ICF. Databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Scienc, and CNKI were searched to collect published randomized controlled trials on health and functional outcomes of physical activity participation in children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities from establishment to November, 2022 for a systematic review.

Results Ten randomized controlled trials from five countries were finally included, involving 289 participants (five to 18 years old). The literatures were mainly from the fields of cognitive neuroscience, intellectual and developmental disabilities, physical activity and exercise rehabilitation, and were published mainly after 2013. The quality of the included literatures was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale with a mean score of 7.6. Health-related conditions in children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities included Down syndrome, dyskinetic cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, fragile X syndrome, and patients with mild and moderate intellectual and developmental disabilities. Physical activity interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities were focused on schools, rehabilitation centers, gymnasiums, laboratories, and research institutions and were usually in the form of motor rehabilitation, physical activity and physical education programs. The physical fitness focused on vestibular stimulation training, inversion exercises and core muscle training; the sports events included soccer training, bicycle riding, etc. The frequency of physical activity was one to seven times per week, with moderate intensity and a duration of four weeks to 1.5 years. The health benefits of physical activity were divided into three levels. At the physical function level, physical activity could significantly improve the muscle strength and endurance, aerobic capacity, lower limb motor stability and balance, promote perceptual-motor coordination, reduce psychomotor error rates, and improve perceptual-motor function and overall motor execution. At the activity and behavioral health level, physical activity could significantly improve the concentration time in movement, improve single-leg stance time and core strength in the lumbar and abdominal areas to improve postural control and mobility, involving performance levels in activities such as lying and rolling, sitting, kneeling, standing, walking, running and jumping. At the quality of life and well-being level, physical activity intervention could increase their fun experiences and activity participation time, etc.

Conclusion The health conditions of children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities are mainly involved in Down syndrome, dyskinetic cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and fragile X chromosome. The physical activity intervention program is characterized by a predominantly physical activity program oriented and skill oriented. The health and functional benefits of physical activity participation in children and adolescents are mainly characterized by improved neuromusculoskeletal and motor-related functions, enhanced activity and participation levels, reduced sedentary behavior, increased participation in daily activities, and improved quality of life and well-being.

Objective To explore the diagnoses of diseases and functioning of speech fluency disorder, analyze the main assessment content, and construct framework of intervention solution based on International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11), International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHIβ-3). Methods The diagnoses of diseases and functioning was discussed with ICD-11 and ICF. The assessment tools were analyzed with ICF. A holistic intervention solution was constructed with ICF and ICHIβ-3. Results Speech fluency disorder is classified as 6A01.1 developmental speech fluency disorder for ICD-11. The related diseases include 6A01.0 developmental speech sound disorder, 6A01.2 developmental language disorder, cerebral palsy, MA80.0 aphasia, MA80.1 dysphasia and MA80.2 dysarthria, etc. For ICF, the categories related to speech fluency disorder might be s3 structures invovled in voice and speech; b3 voice and speech functions, especially b330 fluency and rhythm of speech functions; d1 learning and applying knowledge, d3 communication, especially d330 speaking and d355 discussion, d7 interpersonal interactions and relationships, and d9 community, social and civic life. A holistic intervention solution for speech fluency disorder was developed, involving in body structure, body function, activities and participation, and environmental factors, including assessment, training and treatment, educational counseling, and psychological and social support, etc. Conclusion A framework of diagnosis, assessment and rehabilitation has been constructed for speech fluency disorder.

Objective In view of the problems of large errors and poor accuracy in pulmonary function testing in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), a predictive classification model of pulmonary function in patients with AECOPD was proposed by comparing the prediction performance of different machine learning models to find the optimal model. Methods From January, 2018 to February, 2020, 90 patients with different degrees of COPD from the Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were collected. Six machine learning model algorithms (K-nearest neighbor, logistic regression, support vector machine, naive Bayes, decision tree and random forest) were used to establish AECOPD predictive classification models. Their area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) and accuracy were compared. Ten-fold cross-validation method was used to validate the data set. Results The model based on random forest worked best in predicting and classifying AECOPD patients, with an accuracy rate of 0.844 and an AUC-ROC of 0.916. Conclusion Random forest-based predictive model is a powerful tool for identifying patients with AECOPD, providing decision support when it is difficult to give a definitive diagnosis.

Objective To systematically review the effects of short-foot exercise on adult flatfoot.

Methods Articles related to short-foot exercise for flatfoot were searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang Data and CBM, from January, 2010 to December, 2022. The methodological quality was evaluated with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, and the relevant data were extracted.

Results Ten randomized controlled trials were included, involved 335 individuals. The mean score of the PEDro scale was 7.1. Short-foot exercise improved the navicular drop, posture index score, balance and cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis muscle for patients with flatfoot, but plantar pressure.

Conclusion Short-foot exercise can improve the foot structure, balance and adductor hallucis muscle in adult flatfoot, but plantar pressure.

Objective To develop a scale for assessment of communication functions in children's daily life.

Methods Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) communication function-related categories, test items applicable to children's communication function were developed through a structured interview method and linguistic analysis. Delphi method was used to evaluate and select the items. The items were tested by item analysis and exploratory factor analysis to construct the scale structure. The internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability, structural validity, and criterion-related validity of the scales were tested by 168 children through internet.

Results A children's communication function scale consisting of 42 items was developed, involving four subtests, including preverbal communication (8 items), simple oral communication (5 items), comprehensive oral communication (20 items), and pictorial symbolic communication (9 items). The scale was tested with moderately difficult and high discrimination (0.328 to 0.936). The scale had good internal consistency reliability (0.897 to 0.979) and split-half reliability (0.851 to 0.952), as well as structural validity (r = 0.536 to 0.836). The total scale score was correlated with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised validity scale (r= 0.787, P< 0.05).

Conclusion The ICF-CY-based scale of communication functions in children's daily life consisted of 42 items in four subtests. It has shown good consistency reliability, split half reliability, construct validity and criterion-related validity.

Objective To synthesize the structure, content and psychometric properties of physical activity measurement/reporting tools applied in children and adolescents with disabilities.
Methods Literature on physical activity measurement/reporting tools for children with disabilities were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Web of Science and CNKI, from establishment to June, 2023. The main structure and content characteristics of the tools were analyzed using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY). The psychometric properties of the tools was assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN).
Results Six tools were selected, and nine papers were finally included. Two tools were globalized standard tools, namely Global Matrix 4.0 Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Youth (Global Matrix 4.0) and the Global Matrix of Para Report Card on Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities (Para Report Card), measuring b455 functions of motor tolerance function, b7 neuromusculoskeletal and motor-related functions; d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, d910 community life, d920 recreation and leisure; e310 immediate family, e320 friends, e460 societal attitudes, and e575general social support services, systems and policies, etc. These tools showed a complete structure, high reliability, validity and feasibility, and could be performed in a self-reported manner or completed by the custodian or school teacher. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) might measure d4 mobility, d450 walking, d640 doing housework, d820 school education, d920 recreation and leisure. IPAQ was good in terms of internal consistency, content and construct validity, and cross-cultural validity, with different test-retest reliability and hypothesis testing results reported in different applied studies. Children and Adolescents Physical Activity and Sedentary-Questionnaire (CAPAS-Q) might measure the d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, and d920 recreation and leisure. CAPAS-Q was good in internal consistency, retest reliability, content and construct validity, but hypothesis testing results and cross-cultural validity were unknown. Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) might measure d4 mobility, d450 walking, d470 using transportation, d820 school education, and d920 recreation and leisure. PAQ-C and PAQ-A were strong in internal consistency, retest reliability, content and construct validity, and cross-cultural validity, without hypothesis testing results.
Conclusion In terms of content, Para Report Card is the most comprehensive and extended physical activity measurement/reporting tool for children and adolescents with disabilities. In terms of the psychometric properties of the instruments, the multidimensional, structured physical activity measures show high internal consistency, retest reliability, and content and construct validity, with varying retest reliability and correlational validity with objective measures across studies.

Objective To evaluate the effect of physical activity on children and adolescents with disabilities using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and systematically review the systematic reviews.

Methods The systematic reviews of participation of children and adolescents with disabilities in physical activity and their health benefits were searched from databases of Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP, from the establishment of the database to October, 2022, and a systematic review was conducted.

Results Nine systematic reviews were included, from six countries, with 138 randomized controlled trials and 4 878 participants (three to 18 years). The main sources were journals in rehabilitation psychology, medicine, and sports psychology, etc., published between 2015 and 2022. The main health-related conditions were Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, motor coordination disorder, tetraplegia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder and depression, mood disorders, vestibular impairment, and sensorineural hearing loss. Beneficial physical activity modalities included aerobic exercise, core strengthening, progressive resistance training, high intensity interval training, attentional motor training, gait and balance training, vestibular specific neuromuscular training, perceptual motor training, swimming, soccer, tennis, gymnastics, and dance, etc.; recommended as five to 120 minutes a time, one to 80 times a week, moderate to high intensity, for one to 139 weeks. The scenarios were mainly exercise training, and the settings were in special education schools and the community. Health benefits included improving health condition, such as reducing symptoms of disabilities (physical disability, intellectual disability, hearing impairment and psychiatric disability); increasing levels of physical activity such as walking, mobility, balance, dexterity, postural control; promote mental health, such as relieving depression, anxiety and stress; improving quality of life and well-being, such as socialization, self-worth, self-efficacy, exercise habits and happiness.

Conclusion A conceptual framework of the health effects of physical activity on the children and adolescents with disabilities had been constructed using ICF. The health-related conditions of children and adolescents with disabilities are mainly divided into four categories: intellectual and developmental disabilities, physical disabilities, psychiatric disabilities, and hearing impairments. The types of physical activities in which children and adolescents with disabilities participate include physical fitness, skills and sports programs. The health and functional benefits of participation in physical activity are reflected in three main areas: physical and mental health, activity and participation, and quality of life and well-being.